1. Cellular Respiration Campbell Chapter 9 Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm & Dr. Chuck Downing http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

2. ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food AUTOTROPHS http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif In the last chapter green plants used ________________ trap energy from __________ and make ______________ sunlight food (glucose) PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

3. We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. GLUCOSE In this chapter we will learn how ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif HETEROTROPHS http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm PHOTOSYNTHESIS

4. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ What kind of organisms do this? energy broken down ATP

5. Animals (Including humans) ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel fungi bacteria plants

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ___________ + _________ + ___________ → _______________ + __________ 6 CO 2 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 _____________ + _________ → ________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O The two equations are exact opposites!

8. OXIDATION REDUCTION Is Loss of electrons Is Gain of electrons Remove H Add H Releases energy Stores energy Exergonic Endergonic REMEMBER: OIL RIG Loss of hydrogen atoms Gain of hydrogen atoms Energy OXIDATION REDUCTION http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg

9. CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif slowly many steps light and heat

10. 10 THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES... http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon tent/animations/content/cellularrespi ration.html

11. Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

12. 12 Link to Example of Coupled Reaction with Delta G Values Look at middle of page Titled “How Free Energy Works” section: delta G values are shown for ATP hydrolysis and NADH http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Cytochromes/cytoch romes.html

13. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE DOUBLE MATRIX CRISTAE

14. 14

15. 15 Text ATP Synthase inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential.

16. FAD → FADH 2 NAD + → NADH HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L104- Bonner/Sp12/imagesSp12/L16/MPs.html GREAT ANIMATION OF ELECTRON PUSH!! WATCH THIS!!

17. See glycolysis movie http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ Also called _________________________________ happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria occurs _________________________ GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM with or without oxygen Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

18. Details of glycolysis Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. 13 1 Glucose PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment) Step 2 3 4 Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Step A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5 5 ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6 Steps – ATP and pyruvic acid are produced. 69 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 7 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9 (2 molecules per glucose molecule) Pyruvic acid Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Arraugh! Like, this is way hard! Arraugh! Like, this is way hard!

19. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Requires ____________to get it started. Split apartsweet ENERGY

20. MITOCHONDRION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond of a substrate (like glucose) to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient. (glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation and NOT very efficient) SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

21. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

22. Cellular respiration Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate → CO 2 NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH 2 donate electrons → oxygen

23. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO 2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Coenzyme A (from B vitamin) Krebs Cycle AnimationKrebs Cycle Animation-

24. Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle OAA CITRIC ACID Krebs Cycle Animation

25. Kreb’s Cycle Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid CoA recycles 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO 2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO 2 released 3 NAD + reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD + reduced to 1 FADH 2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule

26. Electron transport chain

27. 27 ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........ http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien t/index.htm (great animation)http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien t/index.htm Real in-vivo video of ATP synthase action in live cell: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeHCAFKaWM8 ATP cycle animation (slapping a phosphate on) –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg –Advanced animations (awesome if you have time) scroll down to metabolic/respiration »http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg 26

28. Why don't both electron carriers make the same amount of ATP? Why don't both electron carriers make the same amount of ATP?

29. More on Making ATP 3 places in the chain make ATP NADH FADH 2 Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH 2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

30. Electron transport chain ETC includes Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q) NADH & FADH 2 pass electrons pass down ETC Energy from moving electrons concentrates H + ions in __________________ ________________: harnesses the flow of H + back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) ________ is final electron acceptor → ________ intermembrane space ATP synthase Oxygen H2OH2O

31. Cellular Respiration Grand Total Glycolysis: → 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Kreb’s Cycle: → 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) → 6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH 2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP

32. WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

33. Related metabolic processes Fermentation: alcohol~ pyruvate → ethanol lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate

34. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO 2 bubbles make air spaces in bread Alcohol evaporates during cooking CO 2 NAD + http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

35. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Used to make alcoholic beverages CO 2 NAD + http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

36. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness NAD + http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

37. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi NAD + http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

38. WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? builds up NAD +

39. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL → CO 2 NAD + REGENERATE the NAD + LACTIC ACID NAD + → You get the NAD + carriers back ______

40. __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

41. Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel __________________= breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate Beta oxidation=

42. Evolutionary Significance Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

43. VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

44. CHEMIOSMOSIS http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella

45. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST

46. MITOCHONDRION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

48. MITOCHONDRION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

49. 49 Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration (All arrows are reversible)

50. 50 http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/glycolysis/glycolysis.htm

51. 51 Many Regulatory Steps Control Cell Respiration Main regulatory step in cell respiration occurs at beginning during glycolysis. An enzyme called PFK (phosphfructokinase) plays major role in regulating ATP production in Kreb’s. http://www.wiley.com/college/fob/quiz/quiz14/14-22.html Allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase sets the pace of respiration. This enzyme catalyzes the earliest step that irreversibly commits the substrate to glycolysis. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme with receptor sites for specific inhibitors and activators. It is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP (derived from ADP). ◦When ATP levels are high, inhibition of this enzyme slows glycolysis. ◦As ATP levels drop and ADP and AMP levels rise, the enzyme becomes active again and glycolysis speeds up.

52. 52 DNP: DiNitroPhenol; the “ATP uncoupler” (weight loss gone bad) Uncoupling reagents (uncouplers) are lipid-soluble weak acids. For example, H + (shown in red) can dissociate from the hydroxyl group of the uncoupler dinitrophenol. Uncouplers dissolve in the membrane, and function as carriers for H + This makes inner membrane of mitochondria PERMEABLE to H ions Uncouplers block oxidative phosphorylation by dissipating the H + electrochemical gradient. (There is no longer an electric potential to PUSH the ATP synthase). The motion of H+ diffusion is lost as heat and does NO WORK; INCREASED FATTY ACID AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM; LOW ATP LEVELS AS GLYCOLYSIS IS INCREASED; PFK NO LONGER INHIBITED BECAUSE ATP LEVELS ARE LOW...

53. 53 Protein Structure Flashback!! PFK (Phosphofructokinase) http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/04700 03790/structure/pfk/pfk_intro.htmhttp://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/04700 03790/structure/pfk/pfk_intro.htm Example of ALLOSTERIC control; addition and removal of phosphates is the #1 regulatory mechanism of biological pathways. Enzymes that ADD a phosphate group are called KINASES (“Kinetic/motion/”turn on”) because they ACTIVATE another molecule. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/yesterday/molbiochem/MB Web/mb1/part2/glycolysis.htm#animat2http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/yesterday/molbiochem/MB Web/mb1/part2/glycolysis.htm#animat2 53

54. 54 CELL RESPIRATION RAP!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk9 2uswYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk9 2uswY 48