1. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)1

2. 2 Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana (1863-1952), an American philosopher

3. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)3 AN INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

4. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)4 At A Glance What History is Reasons for studying History Primary & Secondary Sources How History is recorded Measurement of time Problems historians face

5. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)5 WHAT IS HISTORY? History is a record of what took place in the past –About people who changed the world –About discoveries and events that have changed the world

6. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)6 WHY STUDY HISTORY? To understand the present more clearly To see how far we have come To study the achievements of our forefathers

7. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)7 WHY STUDY HISTORY? To learn from the mistakes of the past To know how people feel and think To help train the mind

8. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)8 Historians use various forms of evidence –Oral –Pictorial –Written FINDING OUT ABOUT HISTORY

9. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)9 ORAL EVIDENCE

10. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)10 PICTORIAL EVIDENCE

11. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)11 WRITTEN EVIDENCE

12. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)12 SOURCESOral, pictorial and written evidence are referred to as SOURCES 2 types of sources –Primary Sources –Secondary Sources HOW IS HISTORY EXAMINED

13. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)13 Provide first-hand information/original 2 types : Published and unpublished Eg bones, stones, artefacts Eg Man-made objects like pottery and buildings Eg Items left behind by people living in a certain period – maps, writings, diaries, letters, documents, newspaper reports PRIMARY SOURCES

14. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)14 Provide second-hand information What others have written Produced after a certain event; normally after studies of the event have been made Producers of these sources may not have been there when the event took place Eg Films, radio and TV programmes, books produced after a particular historical event took place SECONDARY SOURCES

15. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)15 ARCHAEOLOGY “ANCIENT” and “STUDY” Study of objects or items that are very old Historians find out about prehistory through archaeology Archaeologists specialised in the study of archaeology Like detectives – try to find out about past activities, most of which are buried below the surface of the earth

16. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)16 ARCHAEOLOGY The places which they dig up (excavate) are called SITES Stone, bone, wood, metal Bits of jewellery, pottery, tools or artefacts

17. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)17 MEASURING TIME A.D. : Anno Domini (Latin) The Year of the Lord (Birth of Christ) B.C. : Before Christ See page 12

18. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)18 PROBLEMS OF HISTORIANS Collecting information about the past Limited records – writing invented only about 5,000 years ago Not everything recorded was the truth –Incomplete –Biased

19. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)19 INFORMATION –Fact vs opinion What is a fact? What is an opinion? PROBLEMS OF HISTORIANS

20. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)20 EVALUATING EVIDENCE The 3 C’s –Credibility –Consistency –Corroboration

21. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)21 NEW SOURCES, NEW INTERPRETATION There is always new evidence This will provide new explanations of the past

22. JOURNEYS (OXFORD)22 Compare and Contrast Change and Continuity Cause and Effect Similarities and Differences Empathy HISTORICAL CONCEPTS