Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
CNS and PNS
3
Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS consists of brain and spinal cord
4
Adult Brain Regions Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebral hemispheres
5
Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
6
Brain Stem Three regions Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
7
Corpus callosum Fornix Lateral ventricle (covered by septum pellucidum) Thalamus Posterior commissure Epithalamus Third ventricle Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Anterior commissure Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Hypothalamus Arbor vitae Fourth ventricle Optic chiasma Cerebellum Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata
8
Brain Stem Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Breathing Circulation Digestion Swallowing
9
Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord
10
Midbrain Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation. Substantia nigra—functionally linked to basal nuclei
11
Tectum Superior Dorsal colliculus Periaqueductal gray matter
Cerebral aqueduct Oculomotor nucleus (III) Reticular formation Medial lemniscus Red nucleus Substantia nigra Fibers of pyramidal tract Ventral Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncle Midbrain
12
Pons Fibers of pons Connect higher brain centers and spinal cord Nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.
13
Superior cerebellar peduncle Fourth ventricle Trigeminal main sensory nucleus Reticular formation Trigeminal motor nucleus Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontine nuclei Trigeminal nerve (V) Fibers of pyramidal tract Medial lemniscus Pons
14
Medulla Oblongata: Functions
Cardiovascular center Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction Respiratory centers Generate respiratory rhythm Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
15
Medulla Oblongata Additional centers regulate Vomiting Hiccuping
Swallowing Coughing Sneezing
16
Cerebellum Input from cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors
Allows smooth, coordinated movements Learn to ride a bicycle
17
Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Pons Fourth ventricle Posterior lobe Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe Choroid plexus
18
Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis Vermis
19
Cerebellar Processing of Motor Activity
Cerebellum receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction Continuously "inform" cerebellum of body's position and momentum Proprioception Smoothly coordinate muscle contraction
20
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus
21
Caudate nucleus Striatum Thalamus Putamen Tail of caudate nucleus
22
Anterior Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Head of caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Posterior
23
Functions of Basal Nuclei
Functions thought to be Helps in balance
24
Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
25
Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Interventricular foramen Epithalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord
26
Thalamic Function “Router” to cerebral cortex
Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input
27
Hypothalamus Underneath the Thalamus Contains many nuclei
28
Paraventricular nucleus Anterior commissure Dorsomedial nucleus Fornix Preoptic nucleus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Supraoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Optic chiasma Arcuate nucleus Mammillary body Infundibulum (stalk of the pituitary gland) Pituitary gland The main hypothalamic nuclei.
29
Hypothalamic Function
Controls autonomic nervous system (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size) Physical responses to emotions (limbic system) Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, and in biological rhythms and drives
30
Hypothalamic Function
Regulates sleep-wake cycles Controls endocrine system Controls secretions of anterior pituitary gland Produces posterior pituitary hormones
31
Hypothalamic Function
Regulates body temperature – sweating/shivering Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones Regulates water balance and thirst
32
Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Interventricular foramen Epithalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord
33
Epithalamus Connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain
Regulation of emotions Pineal gland secretes melatonin Involved in circadian rhythms © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
34
Corpus callosum Fornix Lateral ventricle (covered by septum pellucidum) Thalamus Posterior commissure Epithalamus Third ventricle Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Anterior commissure Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Hypothalamus Arbor vitae Fourth ventricle Optic chiasma Cerebellum Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata
35
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
36
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
37
Lateralization of Cortical Function
Left hemisphere Controls language, math, and logic Right hemisphere Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills Hemispheres communicate almost instantaneously via fiber tracts and functional integration
38
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
39
Cerebral Hemispheres Five lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
Insula
40
Cerebral Cortex Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter
40% mass of brain Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
41
4 General Considerations of Cerebral Cortex
Three types of functional areas Motor areas—control voluntary movement Sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation Association areas—integrate diverse information Each hemisphere concerned with contralateral side of body
42
Cerebral Hemispheres Central sulcus
Separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
43
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Fissure (a deep sulcus) Spinal cord Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter Lobes and sulci of the cerebrum
44
Primary Motor Cortex Motor homunculi - upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions
45
Frontal lobe Central sulcus Gyri of insula Temporal lobe (pulled down) Location of the insula lobe
46
Posterior Motor Sensory Anterior Motor map in precentral gyrus Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Shoulder Head Trunk Neck Trunk Forearm Arm Hip Knee Leg Hip Arm Hand Wrist Elbow Elbow Hand Fingers Fingers Knee Thumb Thumb Foot Eye Neck Brow Nose Eye Toes Face Genitals Lips Face Lips Teeth Gums Jaw Jaw Tongue Pharynx Tongue Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal Swallowing
47
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
In postcentral gyri of parietal lobe Receives general sensory information Somatosensory homunculus upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions
48
Posterior Sensory Anterior Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Trunk Neck Head Leg Hip Arm Forearm Knee Elbow Hand Fingers Thumb Foot Eye Nose Face Genitals Lips Teeth Gums Jaw Tongue Pharynx Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal
49
Visual Areas Primary visual (striate) cortex
Extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe Receives visual information from retinas
50
Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca's area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke's area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Solving complex, multitask problems Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
51
Auditory Areas Primary auditory cortex
Superior margin of temporal lobes Interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
52
Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca's area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke's area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Solving complex, multitask problems Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
53
OIfactory Cortex Primary olfactory (smell) cortex
Medial aspect of temporal lobes (in piriform lobes)
54
Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca's area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke's area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Solving complex, multitask problems Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
55
Gustatory Cortex In insula just deep to temporal lobe
Involved in perception of taste
56
Premotor cortex Cingulate gyrus Primary motor cortex Central sulcus Corpus callosum Primary somatosensory cortex Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Somatosensory association cortex Prefrontal cortex Parieto-occipital sulcus Occipital lobe Processes emotions related to personal and social interactions Visual association area Orbitofrontal cortex Olfactory bulb Primary visual cortex Olfactory tract Calcarine sulcus Fornix Temporal lobe Primary olfactory cortex Uncus Parahippocampal gyrus Parasagittal view, right cerebral hemisphere Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
57
Limbic System: Emotion and Cognition
React emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening Consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives Hippocampus and amygdaloid body—play a role in memory
58
Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Diencephalic structures of the limbic system Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures Fornix Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle) Anterior commissure Cerebral structures of the limbic system Hypothalamus Cingulate gyrus Septal nuclei Mammillary body Amygdaloid body Hippocampus • Dentate gyrus Olfactory bulb • Parahippocampal gyrus
59
Reticular Formation: RAS and Motor Function
Reticular activating system (RAS) Sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli (~99% of all stimuli!) ADHD Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs Severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness (coma)
60
Radiations to cerebral cortex Visual impulses Auditory impulses Reticular formation Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Descending motor projections to spinal cord
61
Protection of the Brain
Bone (skull) Membranes (meninges) Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid) Blood brain barrier
62
Meninges Cover and protect CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Forms partitions in skull
63
Meninges Three layers Meningitis Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
Inflammation of meninges
64
Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Dura mater • Periosteal layer • Meningeal layer Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Pia mater Subdural space Arachnoid villus Blood vessel Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only)
65
Dura Mater Strongest layer
66
Arachnoid Mater Middle layer with weblike extensions
Separated from dura mater by subdural space Subarachnoid space contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain Arachnoid villi protrude into superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption
67
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
68
Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Dura mater • Periosteal layer • Meningeal layer Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Pia mater Subdural space Arachnoid villus Blood vessel Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only)
69
Pia Mater Delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to brain
70
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Similar presentations
