1. Operating Cisco LAN Switches
Saeed Darvish Pazoki – MCSE, CCNA
Abstracted From:
Cisco Press – ICND 1 – Chapter 8

2. Cisco LAN Switches
Cisco has two major brands of LAN switching products.
Catalyst
Linksys
The Cisco Catalyst switch brand includes a large collection of switches, all of which have been designed with Enterprises (companies, governments, and so on) in mind.
The Catalyst switches have a wide range of sizes, functions, and forwarding rates.
The Cisco Linksys switch brand includes a variety of switches designed for use in the home.

3. Cisco LAN Switches
2960 Catalyst Switch Series

4. Cisco LAN Switches Cisco Catalyst Switches and the 2960 Switch
Cisco positions the 2960 series (family) of switches as full-featured, low-cost wiring closet switches for Enterprises.
You would expect to use 2960 switches as access switches.
Access switches provide the connection point for end-user devices, with cabling running from desks to the switch in a nearby wiring closet.
2960 access switches would also connect to the rest of the Enterprise network using a couple of uplinks, often connecting to distribution layer switches.
The distribution layer switches are often from a different Cisco switch family, typically a more powerful and more expensive product family.
Cisco supports two major types of switch operating systems:
Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
Catalyst Operating System (Cat OS)
Most Cisco Catalyst switch series today run only Cisco IOS, but for some historical reasons, some of the high-end Cisco LAN switches support both Cisco IOS and Cat OS.
NOTE For the real world, note that Cisco’s most popular core switch product, the series, can run either Cisco IOS or Cat OS. Cisco also uses the term hybrid to refer to switches that use Cat OS and the term native to refer to 6500 switches that use Cisco IOS.

5. Cisco LAN Switches
Switch Status from LEDs

6. Cisco LAN Switches
Switch Status from LEDs

7. Cisco LAN Switches Switch Status from LEDs
SYST LED provides a quick overall status of the switch, with three simple states on most 2960 switch models:
Off: The switch is not powered on
On (green): The switch is powered on and operational (Cisco IOS has been loaded)
On (amber): The switch’s Power-On Self Test (POST) process failed, and the Cisco IOS did not load.
The switches have a mode button (labeled with number 6) that, when pressed, cycles the port LEDs through three modes:
STAT
DUPLX
SPEED
Each of the three port LED modes changes the meaning of the port LEDs associated with each port. For example, in STAT (status) mode, each port LED implies status information about that one associated port. For example:
Off: The link is not working.
Solid green: The link is working, but there’s no current traffic.
Flashing green: The link is working, and traffic is currently passing over the interface.
Flashing amber: The interface is administratively disabled or has been dynamically disabled for a variety of reasons.

8. Cisco LAN Switches Switch Status from LEDs
in SPEED port LED mode, the port LEDs imply the operating speed of the interface:
Dark LED meaning 10 Mbps
Solid green light meaning 100 Mbps
Flashing green meaning 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps)
The particular details of how each LED works differ between different Cisco switch families and with different models inside the same switch family.

9. Accessing Catalyst Switch
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI
Cisco uses the same concept of a command-line interface (CLI) with its router products and most of its Catalyst LAN switch products.
The Cisco IOS CLI allows the user to use a terminal emulation program, which accepts text entered by the user.
The switch CLI can be accessed through three popular methods:
The console
Telnet
Secure Shell (SSH)
Two of these methods (Telnet and SSH) use the IP network in which the switch resides to reach the switch.
The console is a physical port built specifically to allow access to the CLI.
You can also use a web browser to configure a switch, but the interface is not the CLI interface. This interface uses a tool called either the Cisco Device Manager (CDM) or Cisco Security Device Manager (SDM).

10. Accessing Catalyst Switch
CLI Access from the Console
The console port provides a way to connect to a switch CLI even if the switch has not been connected to a network yet.
Every Cisco switch has a console port, which is physically an RJ-45 port. A PC connects to the console port using a UTP rollover cable, which is also connected to the PC’s serial port.
As soon as the PC is physically connected to the console port, a terminal emulator software package must be installed and configured on the PC.
Emulator software packages: Windows Hyper Terminal, Tera Term
The default console port settings on a switch are as follows:
9600 bits/second
No hardware flow control
8-bit ASCII
No stop bits
1 parity bit

11. Accessing Catalyst Switch
CLI Access from the Console

12. Accessing Catalyst Switch
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI

13. Accessing Catalyst Switch
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI

14. Accessing Catalyst Switch
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI
Telnet uses an IP network to send and receive the data, rather than a specialized cable and physical port on the device.
The Telnet application protocols call the terminal emulator a Telnet client and the device that listens for commands and replies to them a Telnet server.
Telnet is a TCP-based application layer protocol that uses well-known port 23.
Telnet sends all data (including any username and password for login to the switch) as clear-text data, which presents a potential security risk.
Secure Shell (SSH) does the same basic things as Telnet, but in a more secure manner by using encryption.
SSH uses TCP, while using well-known port 22 instead of Telnet’s 23.
The key difference between Telnet and SSH lies in the fact that all the communications are encrypted and therefore are private and less prone to security risk.

15. Accessing Catalyst Switch
Password Security for CLI Access
By default, a Cisco switch is very secure as long as the switch is locked inside a room.
By default, a switch allows only console access, but no Telnet or SSH access.
To add basic password checking for the console and for Telnet, the engineer needs to configure a couple of basic commands.
Cisco switches refer to the console as a console line—specifically, console line 0.
Similarly, switches support 16 concurrent Telnet sessions, referenced as virtual terminal (vty) lines 0 through 15 (Old versions from 0 to 4.

16. Accessing Catalyst Switch
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes
All three CLI access methods covered so far (console, Telnet, and SSH) place the user in an area of the CLI called user EXEC mode.
User EXEC mode, sometimes also called user mode, allows the user to look around but not break anything.
The “EXEC mode” part of the name refers to the fact that in this mode, when you enter a command, the switch executes the command and then displays messages that describe the command’s results.
Cisco IOS supports a more powerful EXEC mode called enable mode (also known as privileged mode or privileged EXEC mode).
Privileged mode earns its name because powerful, or privileged, commands can be executed there. For example, you can use the reload command, which tells the switch to reinitialize or reboot Cisco IOS, only from enable mode.

17. Accessing Catalyst Switch
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes
If the command prompt lists the hostname followed by a >, the user is in user mode; if it is the hostname followed by the #, the user is in enable mode.
The preferred configuration command for configuring the password for reaching enable mode is the “enable secret password” command, where password is the text of the password.
Note that: if the enable password is not configured (the default), Cisco IOS prevents Telnet and SSH users from getting into enable mode, but Cisco IOS does allow a console user to reach enable mode.

18. Accessing Catalyst Switch
CLI Help Features

19. Accessing Catalyst Switch
CLI Help Features

20. Accessing Catalyst Switch
The debug and show Commands
By far, the single most popular Cisco IOS command is the show command.
The show command has a large variety of options, and with those options, you can find the status of almost every feature of Cisco IOS.
A less popular command is the debug command. Like the show command, debug has many options. However, instead of just listing messages about the current status, the debug command asks the switch to continue monitoring different processes in the switch.
The effects of the show and debug commands can be compared to a photograph and a movie.
Like a photo, a show command shows what’s true at a single point in time, and it takes little effort. The debug command shows what’s true over time, but it requires more effort. As a result, the debug command requires more CPU cycles, but it lets you watch what is happening in a switch while it is happening.

21. Accessing Catalyst Switch
The debug and show Commands
The messages Cisco IOS creates in response to all debug commands, regardless of which user(s) issued the debug commands, are treated as a special type of message called a log message.
Any remote user can view log messages by simply using the terminal monitor command.
These log messages also appear at the console automatically.
The options enabled by a single debug command are not disabled until the user takes action or until the switch is reloaded.
Be aware that some debug options create so many messages that Cisco IOS cannot process them all, possibly resulting in a crash of Cisco IOS.
You might want to check the current switch CPU utilization with the show process command before issuing any debug command.
To be more careful, before enabling an unfamiliar debug command option, issue a no debug all command, and then issue the debug that you want to use.

22. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Configuration mode is another mode for the Cisco CLI, similar to user mode and privileged mode.
configuration commands are the commands that tell the switch the details of what to do, and how to do it.
Commands entered in configuration mode update the active configuration file. These changes to the configuration occur immediately each time you press the Enter key at the end of a command.

23. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Configuration Submodes and Contexts
Configuration mode itself contains a multitude of subcommand modes.
Context-setting commands move you from one configuration subcommand mode, or context, to another.
These context-setting commands tell the switch the topic about which you will enter the next few configuration commands.
More importantly, the context tells the switch the topic you care about right now, so when you use the ? to get help, the switch gives you help about that topic only.
For example, the CLI user could enter interface configuration mode by entering the interface FastEthernet 0/1 configuration command. Asking for help in interface configuration mode displays only commands that are useful when configuring Ethernet interfaces.
Both the Ctrl-z key sequence and the end command exit the user from any part of configuration mode and go back to privileged EXEC mode.
Alternatively, the exit command backs you out of configuration mode one sub-configuration mode at a time.

24. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Configuration Submodes and Contexts

25. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Storing Switch Configuration Files
The following list details the four main types of memory found in Cisco switches, as well as the most common use of each type.
RAM: Sometimes called DRAM for Dynamic Random-Access Memory, RAM is used for working storage. The running (active) configuration file is stored here.
ROM: Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores a bootstrap (or boothelper) program that is loaded when the switch first powers on. This bootstrap program then finds the full Cisco IOS image and manages the process of loading Cisco IOS into RAM, at which point Cisco IOS takes over operation of the switch.
Flash memory: Either a chip inside the switch or a removable memory card, Flash memory stores fully functional Cisco IOS images and is the default location where the switch gets its Cisco IOS at boot time. Flash memory also can be used to store any other files, including backup copies of configuration files.
NVRAM: Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) stores the initial or startup configuration file that is used when the switch is first powered on and when the switch is reloaded.

26. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Storing Switch Configuration Files
Cisco IOS stores the collection of configuration commands in a configuration file.
In fact, switches use multiple configuration files—one file for the initial configuration used when powering on, and another configuration file for the active, currently used running configuration as stored in RAM.

27. Configuring Cisco IOS Software

28. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files
The most basic method for moving configuration files in and out of a switch is to use the copy command to copy files between RAM or NVRAM on a switch and a TFTP server.

29. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files
The copy command always replaces the existing file when the file is copied into NVRAM or into a TFTP server.
However, when the copy command copies a configuration file into the running-config file in RAM, the configuration file in RAM is not replaced, but is merged instead.
If you change the running config and then decide that you want to revert to what’s in the startup-config file, the result of the copy startup-config runningconfig command may not cause the two files to actually match.
The only way to guarantee that the two configuration files match is to issue the reload command, which reloads, or reboots, the switch, which erases RAM and then copies the startup-config into RAM as part of the reload process.

30. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files
You can use three different commands to erase the contents of NVRAM. The write erase and erase startup-config commands are older, whereas the erase nvram: command is the more recent, and recommended, command.
Cisco IOS does not have a command that erases the contents of the running-config file.
Cisco IOS defines a few other more formalized names for running and startup configuration files files.
These more formalized filenames use a format defined by the Cisco IOS File System (IFS), which is the name of the file system created by Cisco IOS to manage files.

31. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)
Cisco IOS Software supports two primary methods of giving a switch an initial basic configuration:
Configuration mode
Setup mode
Setup mode leads a switch administrator to a basic switch configuration by using questions that prompt the administrator for basic configuration parameters.

32. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)

33. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)

34. Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)