1. Classification of Living Things
ORDERING THE LIVING WORLD

2. Expected learning
EL: TO Find out what we already know about what makes something "alive" and an introduction to classification

3. What makes something alive?
Life ProcessesWh
What makes something alive?
Can be remembered using ‘’MRS GREN’’
Movement- the ability to move from one place to another
Respiration – a chemical process that takes place in every living cell
Sensitivity – the ability to respond to your environment
Growth- becoming larger in size
Reproduction – producing offspring
Excretion – getting rid of waste products
Nutrition – turning food into energy

4. What makes something alive?
Life ProcessesWh
What makes something alive?
In addition to MRS GREN, living things are made of………..
CELLS

5. What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics
The science of classifying organisms is known as taxonomy

6. Why do Scientists Classify?
Almost 2 million kinds of organisms on Earth Need to keep organised! (Easier to study!) Classification = process of grouping things based on their similarities

7. Class-ification Activity
Fill in your worksheet with people who share characteristics with you
At the end, we will group people with similar characteristics and try to come up with a grouping system

8. Early classification systems
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved

9. Aristotle’s System
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved
For example, all animals that traveled by air were thought to have been related.
That meant that birds, bees, and bats were classified together and thought to be related!

10. Aristotle’s System
As time passed, more species were discovered & some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s system of classification.
Therefore, it became a great need for his system to be replaced!
Organisms are now classified according to their EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

11. Eight classification groups of living things
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Distinguished Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

12. Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species
A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring

14. 3 Domain System:
Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles
Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria
Eukarya: eukaryotes
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

15. Domain Archaea (Prokaryotic Cells)
Formerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

16. Domain Eubacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)
Formerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means “true bacteria”
These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese
Bacilli
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Dicoccus
Spirilla

17. Domain Eukaryota (Eukaryotic cells)
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

18. Kingdom
A Kingdom encompasses all related species.

19. The 5 Kingdoms 5 Kingdom Classification System:
Monera: all prokaryotes
Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)
Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile eukaryotes
Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile eukaryotes
Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile eukaryotes

20. Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like
Paramecium
Giardia
Amoeba
Fungus-Like
The Kingdom, Protista consists of simple eukaryotes (multi-cellular organisms).
Includes All Protists:
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)
Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like Protists
Examples: Water molds, slime molds
Plant-Like
Water Mold
Slime Mold
Diatom
Euglena
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Dinoflagellates

21. Kingdom Fungi
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil

22. Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Kingdom Plantae
Primitive Plants
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Complex Plants
Pteridophyte(Fern)
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
Angiosperm (Monocot)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm (Dicot)

23. Kingdom Animalia

24. Activity
Come up with some criteria for classifying the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia”
Record your results in a table

25. Reflection
What did you learn about classification or what did you remember from learning about it in the past?

26. Expected learning
To learn how to classify at kingdom and phylum level, with a focus on animals

27. Phylum Phylum: is a Taxa or “group” of similar classes.
The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla; the kingdom Plantae contains 12 divisions
Some phyla contain sub-phyla

28. Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms
Common Phyla:
Porifera (sponges, corral)
Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)
Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms)
Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)
Platyhelminthes

29. Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata
Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)
Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Molluska
Echinodermata

30. Class Class: A class is a group of similar “Orders.”
For example: the feline Bobcats and lynxes belong to Class Mammalia as they have fur, mammary glands and give birth to live young.

31. Order Order: is a taxon or “group” of similar families.
Feline Bobcats and lynxes have similar teeth arrangements and are meat eaters, belonging to the Order Carnivora.

32. Family Family: is a group of similar genera.
For example: cats, bobcats, lynxes & lions all belong to the family Felidae.

33. Genus A genus is a group of similar species.
For example: Cats and wild cats belong to the genus Felis

34. Species
Species is a group of organisms in a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
E.g. cats belong to the specie Felis catus

35. Activity
Re-classify the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia” to the most specific category you can
Record your results in a table

36. Reflection
How well had you classified the animals the first time? How easy did you find re-classifying the animals and What were the main features you used?

37. To learn how to classify kingdom animalia further
Expected learning
To learn how to classify kingdom animalia further

38. Sub-phylum vertebrates
AMPHIBIAN
FISH
MAMMAL
BIRD
REPTILE
adapted from

39. Vertebrates Animals with backbones are called vertebrates.
Vertebrates include many different kinds of animals. They can be found just about everywhere – in oceans, rivers, forests, mountains, and deserts.
Animals with backbones can be broken up into smaller groups by characteristics.
adapted from

40. Activity
Try to fill in as much of the vertebrate worksheet as possible – you’ve got 5 mins before we go through it on the powerpoint

41. Fish Largest group of vertebrates. They come in many sizes and shapes.
Many fish are covered with scales that protects them.
They have fins that help them to steer and balance in the water.
Their body temperatures vary in the water.
They breathe through gills.

42. Amphibians Their body temperature varies with their surroundings.
Amphibians hatch from eggs and they can live on land as an adult.
Young amphibians breathe through gills like fish.
Adult amphibians breathe air from lungs.
Some have smooth moist skin.

43. Reptiles Reptiles can move at various speeds.
They lay their eggs on land.
They have dry scaly skin.
They can include animals as large as a crocodile.
Their body temperature varies with their environment.
They live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rain forests.

44. Birds Birds lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest.
There are about 9,000 types of birds.
Birds are vertebrates that have wings and they are covered with feathers. No other animal has this feature.
The bird’s skeleton is very light in weight. This helps them to fly.
Birds range in size from as small as your finger or as large as a human.

45. Mammals
They include a wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc.
Their young grows inside the mother.
Humans are mammals but they (animals) have more hair than we do.
The hair keeps the animals warm.
They feed milk to their young.

46. Expected learning
To finalise invertebrate classification and to learn about binomial classification and dichotomous keys

47. Sub-phylum Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones.
97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of invertebrates.
Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other water environments.
Insects and some other invertebrates have exoskeletons.
There are 6 groups of invertebrates

48. Porifera: Sponges They look like plants but they are animals.
Sponges stay fixed in one place (sessile).
Their bodies are full of holes and their skeleton is made of spiky fibers.
Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food (filter feeders).
adapted from

49. Cnidarians: Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish
Corals look like plants but have soft tubelike bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles used to catch food
Hydras move from place to place and use tentacles that catch their food.
Jellyfish catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles also.

50. Worms: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Segmented worms
Worms are tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups.
They can be found in both land and water environments.

51. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
They have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies.

52. Roundworm They have rounded bodies.
They live in damp places and they can also live inside humans and other animals.

53. Segmented worms The earthworm belongs to this group of worms.
Their bodies are divided in segments, or sections.
They prefer burrowing through moist soil.
This allows them to move easily and it keeps them from drying out.

54. Echinoderms: Sea Stars, Sea cucumbers and Sea Urchins
A group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area.

55. Molluscs
A mollusc usually has a hard shell, a rough tongue, and a muscular foot.
A snail is a mollusc with a single hard shell.
A clam has two shells joined together by a hinge.
Squids and octopuses are also molluscs
Their hard shells are small, but they are inside their bodies.

56. Arthropods
adapted from

57. Arthropod Characteristics
Arthropods are a group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod.
As it grows, it molts, or sheds its old exoskeleton.
Then it grows a new exoskeleton that allows its body to continue to grow.
A lobster is an arthropod.
The largest group of arthropods are insects.
adapted from

58. Arthropods: Insects, Spiders, and Centipedes/Millipedes
They are the only invertebrates that can fly.
Insects have bodies divided into three parts, and six legs.
Spiders have jointed legs (eight legs), jaws and fangs.
Centipedes and millipedes are also arthropods.
Centipedes uses its many legs to run from enemies.
Millipedes roll up their bodies when they sense danger approaching.
adapted from

59. Classy Invertebrates Can you meet the challenge?
T. Trimpe

60. What clues can we use to remember the different
classification groups for invertebrates?

61. Activity Directions:
1 – Work with your partner to place each “critter card” in its correct location around the edges of the classification mat.
2 – Write the names of the organisms in the correct location on your “What am I?” worksheet.
3 – When you are done, have your teacher check your answers.
NOTE: There are three extra organisms listed on the worksheet that are not on the critter cards! Can you figure out where they go?

62. CHALLENGE RULES
1 – Shuffle the cards and place in ONE pile on the table.
2 – Start the timer and then pick up the cards and start sorting.
NOTE: If you are working with a partner, you cannot split the cards into two piles until after you start the timer!
3 – Stop the timer when you are done. Have a teacher check your answers.
4 – If all your answers are correct AND you completed the task in 30 seconds or less, write your name on the board !

63. Linnaeus’s System
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist developed a wonderful method of classifying organisms properly.
His system was based upon classifying organisms according to organism's physical and structural similarities.
For example, he might use the similarities in flower parts as a basis for classifying flowering plants.

64. Binomial Nomenclature
Developed by Linnaeus
Two-name system
Each organism has a genus and a species name
A genus (plural form = genera) consists of a group of similar species. FIRST NAME
The SECOND NAME, the descriptive word, often times describe a characteristic of the organism, immediately follows the genus name.

65. Humans the scientific name of modern humans is Homo sapien.
****Note, the genus name always begins with a capital letter, but the descriptive (second) name always begins with a lower case letter. Both names are always italicized or underlined. This is true ALL THE TIME!!!!
Modern humans are in the genus, “Homo.” And one characteristic of humans is that they are very bright, or wise. The descriptive word “sapien” means wise. Both the genus name & descriptive name is in Latin form.

66. D. Two Names For A Species
Latin is the language of scientific names which is still used today because the language is no longer used in society for conversation. Therefore, it does not change.
Although a scientific name gives information about the relationship of an organism & how it is classified, many organisms have common names just like you & your friends might have nicknames.
Overall, Classifying organisms is a useful tool for scientists as well as others who work in the agriculture, forestry & medicine field.

67. Ursus americanus American Black Bear
Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system”
First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized
Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase
Entire name is underlined and italicized
Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

68. Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20
2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35
3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion
Used to help identify unknown specimen
Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

69. Activity
In pairs, complete activity 8.1, including questions 1-5

70. How easy or difficult did you find binomial classification?
Reflection
How easy or difficult did you find binomial classification?

71. Expected learning
to use binomial classification and dichotomous keys, with a focus on plants

72. Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Kingdom Plantae
Primitive Plants
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Complex Plants
Pteridophyte(Fern)
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
Angiosperm; Monocot
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm; Dicot

73. How are Plants Classified?
There are more than 260,000 species of plants.
They can be divided into two groups:
Nonvascular
Vascular

74. Nonvascular plants Have no pipes to transport water and nutrients
depend on diffusion and osmosis to move material from one part of the plant to another
have to be small: e.g. mosses, liverworts

75. Vascular Plants
Have tissues that deliver needed materials throughout a plant - called vascular tissues.
Can be almost any size.
Are divided into gymnosperms (i.e. non-flowering) and angiosperms (i.e. flowering) plants

76. Activity Complete activity 8.2 our in the school grounds
You will be handing this in as a formal practical report

77. How easy or difficult did you find this activity?
Reflection
How easy or difficult did you find this activity?

78. To learn how to write a prac report using activity 8.2
Expected learning
To learn how to write a prac report using activity 8.2

79. Practical report format
You always need a title, your name and the date
Abstract: A summary of your report (like a book blurb)
Background: What was already known about your subject/experiment before you carried out the investigation
Aim: What you were trying to do (To……)
Hypothesis: what you thought was going to happen (If… then….)

80. Practical report format
Materials: What you used
Method: What you did in NUMBERED steps
Results: Tables, graphs, drawings etc
Discussion: What your results tell you (often by answering questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of your experiment
Conclusion: What you found out and if your hypothesis was supported (correct) or refuted (incorrect) AND WHY!!!!!

81. How happy are you with your first prac report?
Reflection
How happy are you with your first prac report?

82. To test our knowledge of clssification
Expected learning
To test our knowledge of clssification

83. How happy are you with your first test?
Reflection
How happy are you with your first test?