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Classification of Living Things
ORDERING THE LIVING WORLD
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Expected learning EL: TO Find out what we already know about what makes something "alive" and an introduction to classification
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What makes something alive?
Life ProcessesWh What makes something alive? Can be remembered using ‘’MRS GREN’’ Movement- the ability to move from one place to another Respiration – a chemical process that takes place in every living cell Sensitivity – the ability to respond to your environment Growth- becoming larger in size Reproduction – producing offspring Excretion – getting rid of waste products Nutrition – turning food into energy
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What makes something alive?
Life ProcessesWh What makes something alive? In addition to MRS GREN, living things are made of……….. CELLS
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What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics The science of classifying organisms is known as taxonomy
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Why do Scientists Classify?
Almost 2 million kinds of organisms on Earth Need to keep organised! (Easier to study!) Classification = process of grouping things based on their similarities
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Class-ification Activity
Fill in your worksheet with people who share characteristics with you At the end, we will group people with similar characteristics and try to come up with a grouping system
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Early classification systems
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved
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Aristotle’s System Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved For example, all animals that traveled by air were thought to have been related. That meant that birds, bees, and bats were classified together and thought to be related!
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Aristotle’s System As time passed, more species were discovered & some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s system of classification. Therefore, it became a great need for his system to be replaced! Organisms are now classified according to their EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
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Eight classification groups of living things
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Distinguished Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools
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Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species
A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring
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3 Domain System: Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria Eukarya: eukaryotes Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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Domain Archaea (Prokaryotic Cells)
Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
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Domain Eubacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)
Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla
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Domain Eukaryota (Eukaryotic cells)
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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Kingdom A Kingdom encompasses all related species.
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The 5 Kingdoms 5 Kingdom Classification System:
Monera: all prokaryotes Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists) Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile eukaryotes Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile eukaryotes Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile eukaryotes
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Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like
Paramecium Giardia Amoeba Fungus-Like The Kingdom, Protista consists of simple eukaryotes (multi-cellular organisms). Includes All Protists: Eukaryotic Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds Plant-Like Water Mold Slime Mold Diatom Euglena Green Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates
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Kingdom Fungi All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil
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Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Complex Plants Pteridophyte(Fern) All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants Angiosperm (Monocot) Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm (Dicot)
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Kingdom Animalia
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Activity Come up with some criteria for classifying the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia” Record your results in a table
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Reflection What did you learn about classification or what did you remember from learning about it in the past?
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Expected learning To learn how to classify at kingdom and phylum level, with a focus on animals
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Phylum Phylum: is a Taxa or “group” of similar classes.
The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla; the kingdom Plantae contains 12 divisions Some phyla contain sub-phyla
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Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms Common Phyla: Porifera (sponges, corral) Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Nematoda (small unsegmented worms) Platyhelminthes
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Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata
Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..) Annelida (segmented worms) Echinodermata (starfish and anemones) Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) Chordata (those with spinal chords) Molluska Echinodermata
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Class Class: A class is a group of similar “Orders.”
For example: the feline Bobcats and lynxes belong to Class Mammalia as they have fur, mammary glands and give birth to live young.
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Order Order: is a taxon or “group” of similar families.
Feline Bobcats and lynxes have similar teeth arrangements and are meat eaters, belonging to the Order Carnivora.
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Family Family: is a group of similar genera.
For example: cats, bobcats, lynxes & lions all belong to the family Felidae.
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Genus A genus is a group of similar species.
For example: Cats and wild cats belong to the genus Felis
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Species Species is a group of organisms in a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. E.g. cats belong to the specie Felis catus
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Activity Re-classify the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia” to the most specific category you can Record your results in a table
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Reflection How well had you classified the animals the first time? How easy did you find re-classifying the animals and What were the main features you used?
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To learn how to classify kingdom animalia further
Expected learning To learn how to classify kingdom animalia further
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Sub-phylum vertebrates
AMPHIBIAN FISH MAMMAL BIRD REPTILE adapted from
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Vertebrates Animals with backbones are called vertebrates.
Vertebrates include many different kinds of animals. They can be found just about everywhere – in oceans, rivers, forests, mountains, and deserts. Animals with backbones can be broken up into smaller groups by characteristics. adapted from
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Activity Try to fill in as much of the vertebrate worksheet as possible – you’ve got 5 mins before we go through it on the powerpoint
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Fish Largest group of vertebrates. They come in many sizes and shapes.
Many fish are covered with scales that protects them. They have fins that help them to steer and balance in the water. Their body temperatures vary in the water. They breathe through gills.
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Amphibians Their body temperature varies with their surroundings.
Amphibians hatch from eggs and they can live on land as an adult. Young amphibians breathe through gills like fish. Adult amphibians breathe air from lungs. Some have smooth moist skin.
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Reptiles Reptiles can move at various speeds.
They lay their eggs on land. They have dry scaly skin. They can include animals as large as a crocodile. Their body temperature varies with their environment. They live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rain forests.
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Birds Birds lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest.
There are about 9,000 types of birds. Birds are vertebrates that have wings and they are covered with feathers. No other animal has this feature. The bird’s skeleton is very light in weight. This helps them to fly. Birds range in size from as small as your finger or as large as a human.
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Mammals They include a wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc. Their young grows inside the mother. Humans are mammals but they (animals) have more hair than we do. The hair keeps the animals warm. They feed milk to their young.
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Expected learning To finalise invertebrate classification and to learn about binomial classification and dichotomous keys
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Sub-phylum Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones. 97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of invertebrates. Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other water environments. Insects and some other invertebrates have exoskeletons. There are 6 groups of invertebrates
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Porifera: Sponges They look like plants but they are animals.
Sponges stay fixed in one place (sessile). Their bodies are full of holes and their skeleton is made of spiky fibers. Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food (filter feeders). adapted from
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Cnidarians: Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish
Corals look like plants but have soft tubelike bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles used to catch food Hydras move from place to place and use tentacles that catch their food. Jellyfish catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles also.
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Worms: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Segmented worms
Worms are tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups. They can be found in both land and water environments.
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Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
They have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies.
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Roundworm They have rounded bodies.
They live in damp places and they can also live inside humans and other animals.
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Segmented worms The earthworm belongs to this group of worms.
Their bodies are divided in segments, or sections. They prefer burrowing through moist soil. This allows them to move easily and it keeps them from drying out.
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Echinoderms: Sea Stars, Sea cucumbers and Sea Urchins
A group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area.
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Molluscs A mollusc usually has a hard shell, a rough tongue, and a muscular foot. A snail is a mollusc with a single hard shell. A clam has two shells joined together by a hinge. Squids and octopuses are also molluscs Their hard shells are small, but they are inside their bodies.
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Arthropods adapted from
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Arthropod Characteristics
Arthropods are a group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod. As it grows, it molts, or sheds its old exoskeleton. Then it grows a new exoskeleton that allows its body to continue to grow. A lobster is an arthropod. The largest group of arthropods are insects. adapted from
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Arthropods: Insects, Spiders, and Centipedes/Millipedes
They are the only invertebrates that can fly. Insects have bodies divided into three parts, and six legs. Spiders have jointed legs (eight legs), jaws and fangs. Centipedes and millipedes are also arthropods. Centipedes uses its many legs to run from enemies. Millipedes roll up their bodies when they sense danger approaching. adapted from
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Classy Invertebrates Can you meet the challenge?
T. Trimpe
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What clues can we use to remember the different
classification groups for invertebrates?
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Activity Directions: 1 – Work with your partner to place each “critter card” in its correct location around the edges of the classification mat. 2 – Write the names of the organisms in the correct location on your “What am I?” worksheet. 3 – When you are done, have your teacher check your answers. NOTE: There are three extra organisms listed on the worksheet that are not on the critter cards! Can you figure out where they go?
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CHALLENGE RULES 1 – Shuffle the cards and place in ONE pile on the table. 2 – Start the timer and then pick up the cards and start sorting. NOTE: If you are working with a partner, you cannot split the cards into two piles until after you start the timer! 3 – Stop the timer when you are done. Have a teacher check your answers. 4 – If all your answers are correct AND you completed the task in 30 seconds or less, write your name on the board !
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Linnaeus’s System Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist developed a wonderful method of classifying organisms properly. His system was based upon classifying organisms according to organism's physical and structural similarities. For example, he might use the similarities in flower parts as a basis for classifying flowering plants.
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Binomial Nomenclature
Developed by Linnaeus Two-name system Each organism has a genus and a species name A genus (plural form = genera) consists of a group of similar species. FIRST NAME The SECOND NAME, the descriptive word, often times describe a characteristic of the organism, immediately follows the genus name.
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Humans the scientific name of modern humans is Homo sapien.
****Note, the genus name always begins with a capital letter, but the descriptive (second) name always begins with a lower case letter. Both names are always italicized or underlined. This is true ALL THE TIME!!!! Modern humans are in the genus, “Homo.” And one characteristic of humans is that they are very bright, or wise. The descriptive word “sapien” means wise. Both the genus name & descriptive name is in Latin form.
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D. Two Names For A Species
Latin is the language of scientific names which is still used today because the language is no longer used in society for conversation. Therefore, it does not change. Although a scientific name gives information about the relationship of an organism & how it is classified, many organisms have common names just like you & your friends might have nicknames. Overall, Classifying organisms is a useful tool for scientists as well as others who work in the agriculture, forestry & medicine field.
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Ursus americanus American Black Bear
Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized
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Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20 2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3 2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35 3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger 3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion Used to help identify unknown specimen Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism
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Activity In pairs, complete activity 8.1, including questions 1-5
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How easy or difficult did you find binomial classification?
Reflection How easy or difficult did you find binomial classification?
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Expected learning to use binomial classification and dichotomous keys, with a focus on plants
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Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Complex Plants Pteridophyte(Fern) All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants Angiosperm; Monocot Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm; Dicot
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How are Plants Classified?
There are more than 260,000 species of plants. They can be divided into two groups: Nonvascular Vascular
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Nonvascular plants Have no pipes to transport water and nutrients
depend on diffusion and osmosis to move material from one part of the plant to another have to be small: e.g. mosses, liverworts
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Vascular Plants Have tissues that deliver needed materials throughout a plant - called vascular tissues. Can be almost any size. Are divided into gymnosperms (i.e. non-flowering) and angiosperms (i.e. flowering) plants
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Activity Complete activity 8.2 our in the school grounds
You will be handing this in as a formal practical report
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How easy or difficult did you find this activity?
Reflection How easy or difficult did you find this activity?
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To learn how to write a prac report using activity 8.2
Expected learning To learn how to write a prac report using activity 8.2
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Practical report format
You always need a title, your name and the date Abstract: A summary of your report (like a book blurb) Background: What was already known about your subject/experiment before you carried out the investigation Aim: What you were trying to do (To……) Hypothesis: what you thought was going to happen (If… then….)
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Practical report format
Materials: What you used Method: What you did in NUMBERED steps Results: Tables, graphs, drawings etc Discussion: What your results tell you (often by answering questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of your experiment Conclusion: What you found out and if your hypothesis was supported (correct) or refuted (incorrect) AND WHY!!!!!
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How happy are you with your first prac report?
Reflection How happy are you with your first prac report?
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To test our knowledge of clssification
Expected learning To test our knowledge of clssification
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How happy are you with your first test?
Reflection How happy are you with your first test?
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