1. Taxonomy and Classification Honors Biology 2010 15.15 and 15.19 Systematics 16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and Archaea 16.11 Protists 17.1 Plants 17.14 Fungi 18.1 Plants

2. Important Root Words ROOT WORD MEANING morph- -nomy taxo- bi- archae- eu- pro- karyo- phylo- -gen nomen- form, shape law, science order, arrangement two ancient, old good, true before nucleus tribe to produce name

3. Early Systems of Classification Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy Taxonomy Naming Naming Describing Describing Classifying Classifying Classification Classification Grouping organisms by their similarities or relationships Grouping organisms by their similarities or relationships Aristotle Aristotle First to classify organisms 2,000 years ago First to classify organisms 2,000 years ago Classified organisms as either plant or animal Classified organisms as either plant or animal

4. Levels of Classification Methods used to classify organisms Methods used to classify organisms Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based on evolutionary history Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based on evolutionary history Morphology: using appearance, form or structure to determine relationships Morphology: using appearance, form or structure to determine relationships Taxonomic categories Taxonomic categories Domain Domain Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

5. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name Scientific Name Genus + specific epithet Genus + specific epithet Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Quercus alba Quercus alba Linnaeus, mid-18 th century Linnaeus, mid-18 th century Facilitates international science Facilitates international science Classification Video Armadillidium vulgare Odontotaenius disjunctus

6. Using Dichotomous Keys A device that can be used to easily identify an unknown organism. A device that can be used to easily identify an unknown organism. A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part statements that describe characteristic of organisms. A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part statements that describe characteristic of organisms. At each step of a dichotomous key the user is presented with two choices. At each step of a dichotomous key the user is presented with two choices. As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key. As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key. Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism they are trying to identify. Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism they are trying to identify.

7. Comprehension Check Homo sapiens : Homo neanderthalis :: a. Melanoplus darwinian : Ulna darwinian b. Red Oak : White Oak c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharus d. Anolis carolinenins: Turdus migratoria

8. The Six Kingdoms Based on cell structure & nutrition Based on cell structure & nutrition

9. The Three Domains Based on molecular differences Based on molecular differences Archaea Archaea Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins) Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins) Eubacteria Eubacteria Peptidoglycan in cell walls Peptidoglycan in cell walls Eukarya Eukarya Eukaryotes Eukaryotes The Three Domains Video

10. Bacteria Domain Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Very diverse group including free living organisms and deadly parasites Very diverse group including free living organisms and deadly parasites Some can photosynthesize, some can not Some can photosynthesize, some can not

11. Archaea Domain Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Live in extreme environments Live in extreme environments Most will be killed by oxygen Most will be killed by oxygen Some can photosynthesize/ chemosynthesize, some can not Some can photosynthesize/ chemosynthesize, some can not

12. Eukarya Domain Some unicellular, but most are multicellular Some unicellular, but most are multicellular All have cells with a nucleus All have cells with a nucleus 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms) 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms) Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungi Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungi Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Plant: Photosynthesizers Plant: Photosynthesizers Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity

13. Comprehension Check You discover a new organism that has RNA polymerase, but does not have peptidoglycan in it’s cell wall. What domain does it belong to? How can you tell? Can you figure out what Kingdom it belongs in based solely on this information? Why or why not?