2. Automatic Pitch Tracking September 18, 2014

3. The Digitization of Pitch The blue line represents the fundamental frequency (F0) of the speaker’s voice. Also known as a pitch track How can we automatically “track” F0 in a sample of speech? Praat can give us a representation of speech that looks like:

4. Pitch Tracking Voicing: Air flow through vocal folds Rapid opening and closing due to Bernoulli Effect Each cycle sends an acoustic shockwave through the vocal tract …which takes the form of a complex wave. The rate at which the vocal folds open and close becomes the fundamental frequency (F0) of a voiced sound.

5. Voicing Bars

6. Individual glottal pulses

7. Voicing = Complex Wave Note: voicing is not perfectly periodic. …always some random variation from one cycle to the next. How can we measure the fundamental frequency of a complex wave?

8. The basic idea: figure out the period between successive cycles of the complex wave. Fundamental frequency = 1 / period duration = ???

9. Measuring F0 To figure out where one cycle ends and the next begins… The basic idea is to find how well successive “chunks” of a waveform match up with each other. One period = the length of the chunk that matches up best with the next chunk. Automatic Pitch Tracking parameters to think about: 1.Window size (i.e., chunk size) 2.Step size 3.Frequency range (= period range)

10. Window (Chunk) Size Here’s an example of a small window

11. Window (Chunk) Size Here’s an example of a large(r) window

12. Initial window of the waveform is compared to another window (of the same duration) at a later point in the waveform

13. Matching The waveforms in the two windows are compared to see how well they match up. Correlation = measure of how well the two windows match ???

14. Autocorrelation The measure of correlation = Sum of the point-by-point products of the two chunks. The technical name for this is autocorrelation… because two parts of the same wave are being matched up against each other. (“auto” = self)

15. Autocorrelation Example Ex: consider window x, with n samples… What’s its correlation with window y? (Note: window y must also have n samples) x 1 = first sample of window x x 2 = second sample of window x … x n = nth (final) sample of window x y 1 = first sample of window y, etc. Correlation (R) = x 1 *y 1 + x 2 * y 2 + … + x n * y n The larger R is, the better the correlation.

16. By the Numbers Sample123456 x.8.3-.2-.5.4.8 y-.3-.1.1.3.1-.1 product-.24-.03-.02-.15.04-.08 Sum of products = -.48 These two chunks are poorly correlated with each other.

17. By the Numbers, part 2 Sample123456 x.8.3-.2-.5.4.8 z.7.4-.1-.4.1.4 product.56.12.02.2.04.32 Sum of products = 1.26 These two chunks are well correlated with each other. (or at least better than the previous pair) Note: matching peaks count for more than matches close to 0.

18. Back to (Digital) Reality The waveforms in the two windows are compared to see how well they match up. Correlation = measure of how well the two windows match ??? These two windows are poorly correlated

19. Next: the pitch tracking algorithm moves further down the waveform and grabs a new window

20. The distance the algorithm moves forward in the waveform is called the step size “step”

21. Matching, again The next window gets compared to the original. ???

22. Matching, again The next window gets compared to the original. ??? These two windows are also poorly correlated

23. The algorithm keeps chugging and, eventually… another “step”

24. Matching, again The best match is found. ??? These two windows are highly correlated

25. The fundamental period can be determined by calculating the length of time between the start of window 1 and the start of (well correlated) window 2. period

26. Frequency is 1 / period Q: How many possible periods does the algorithm need to check? Frequency range (default in Praat: 75 to 600 Hz) Mopping up

27. Moving on Another comparison window is selected and the whole process starts over again.

28. would Uhm I like A flight to Seattle from Albuquerque The algorithm ultimately spits out a pitch track. This one shows you the F0 value at each step. Thanks to Chilin Shih for making these materials available

29. Pitch Tracking in Praat Play with F0 range. Create Pitch Object. Also go To Manipulation…Pitch. Also check out:

30. Summing Up Pitch tracking uses three parameters 1.Window size Ensures reliability In Praat, the window size is always three times the longest possible period. E.g.: 3 X 1/75 =.04 sec. 2.Step size For temporal precision 3.Frequency range Reduces computational load

31. Deep Thought Questions What might happen if: The shortest period checked is longer than the fundamental period? AND two fundamental periods fit inside a window? Potential Problem #1: Pitch Halving The pitch tracker thinks the fundamental period is twice as long as it is in reality.  It estimates F0 to be half of its actual value

32. Pitch Halving pitch is halved Check out normal file in Praat.

33. More Deep Thoughts What might happen if: The shortest period checked is less than half of the fundamental period? AND the second half of the fundamental cycle is very similar to the first? Potential Problem #2: Pitch doubling The pitch tracker thinks the fundamental period is half as long as it actually is.  It estimates the F0 to be twice as high as it is in reality.

34. Pitch Doubling pitch is doubled

35. Microperturbations Another problem: Speech waveforms are partly shaped by the type of segment being produced. Pitch tracking can become erratic at the juncture of two segments. In particular: voiced to voiceless segments sonorants to obstruents These discontinuities in F0 are known as microperturbations. Also: transitions between modal and creaky voicing tend to be problematic.