2. National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Module 2: Operational Environment Version 3 Mod 2-1 Enhanced Operations

3. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-2 Overview Terrorist activities Terrorist activities WMD that terrorists could use WMD that terrorists could use Situational Awareness Situational Awareness

4. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-3 Objective Upon completion of this module, students will be able to describe the US&R operational WMD environment Upon completion of this module, students will be able to describe the US&R operational WMD environment

5. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-4

6. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-5

7. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-6 IRS West LA

8. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-7 COLUMBINE HIGH SCHOOL

10. AryanMovement LeaderlessResistance Nationalist Anarchists Skinheads Environmental Militia Movement Right -Wing Racist

11. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-10 Marine Corps Barracks, Beirut Oct. 23, 1983

12. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-11 Psychological Effects

13. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-12 Casualty-Producing Abilities Selective

14. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-13 Terrorism Is and always has been... a form of warfare.

15. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-14 Terrorism Both the target and the type of weapon used are chosen for a purpose.

16. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-15 Achieving victory in every battle is not absolute perfection; neutralizing an adversary’s force without battle is absolute perfection. -- Sun Tzu, The Art of War

17. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-16

18. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-17 Terrorism - Probability versus Impact

19. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-18 Threat Levels

20. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-19 TF Members Actions (RAIN) Recognize Recognize Signs Signs Symptoms Symptoms Indicators Indicators Avoid Avoid Isolate Isolate Notify Notify

21. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-20 Emergency Considerations Thermal Radiological Asphyxiation Chemical Etiological Mechanical Psychological Distance Shielding Time

22. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-21 Biological Attack General information General information Protecting yourself against biological agents Protecting yourself against biological agents Meteorological considerations Meteorological considerations Equipment Equipment

23. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-22 Disseminating Biological Agents Ingestion Ingestion Dermal exposure Dermal exposure Vectors Vectors Aerosol Aerosol

24. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-23 Reference Chart (Appendix C-9) AgentPersistencyDissemination Transmission (person to person) IncubationLethality AnthraxSpores remain viable in soil for years Spores in aerosol No (except cutaneous) 1-5 daysHigh CholeraUnstable in aerosols and water Ingestion and aerosol Rare12 hours to 6 days Low with treatment Plague1 year in soil; 270 days in bodies AerosolHigh1-3 daysHigh if untreated TularemiaMonths in moist soil AerosolNo1-10 daysModerate if untreated Q FeverMonthsIngestion and aerosol Rare14-16 daysVery low

25. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-24 Reference Chart (Appendix C-9) AgentPersistency Disseminatio n Transmission (person to person) IncubationLethality SmallpoxVery stableAerosolHigh10-12 daysLow VEEUnstableAerosol and infected vectors Low1-6 daysLow EbolaUnstableContact and aerosol Moderate4-16 daysModerate to high

26. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-25 Reference Chart (Appendix C-9) AgentPersistencyDissemination Transmission (person to person) IncubationLethality Botulinum Toxin WeeksIngestion and aerosol NoHours to days High T-2 Mycotoxins YearsIngestion and aerosol No2-4 hoursModerate RicinStableIngestion and aerosol NoHours to days High Staphylococal Enterotoxin B Resistant to freezing Ingestion and aerosol NoHours<1%

27. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-26 Nuclear/Radiological Incident General Information nRadiation can be detected with meters nUnlikely to find high levels distant from the source nNot necessary to isolate large areas nVictims should not be sick or symptomatic on the scene nExposure does not require immediate gross decontamination

28. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-27 Nuclear/Radiological Incident Time, distance, and shielding are appropriate self-protective measures Time, distance, and shielding are appropriate self-protective measures Equipment Equipment Pancake Detector Ludlum Response Kit RadWatch Dosimeter Canberra UltraRadiac Radiation Monitor Canberra Inspector 1000

29. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-28 Incendiary Attack Incendiary use Incendiary use Reasons Reasons Recent events Recent events

30. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-29 Chemical Agents General information General information Categories of chemical agents Categories of chemical agents Evaluating signs/indicators Evaluating signs/indicators Influencing factors Influencing factors

31. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-30 Categories of Chemical Agents Categories Nerve agents Nerve agents Blister agents Blister agents Choking agents Choking agents Blood agents Blood agents Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) Irritants Irritants

32. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-31 Nerve Agent Signs and Symptoms Headache Headache Runny nose Runny nose Salivation Salivation Pinpointing of pupils Pinpointing of pupils Difficulty in breathing Difficulty in breathing Tight chest Tight chest Seizures/convulsions Seizures/convulsions

33. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-32 Blister Agents Signs and Symptoms Red burning skin and blisters Red burning skin and blisters Sore throat and dry cough Sore throat and dry cough Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema Memory loss Memory loss Coma and seizures Coma and seizures Some symptoms may be delayed from 2 - 24 hours Some symptoms may be delayed from 2 - 24 hours

34. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-33 Choking Agents Signs and Symptoms Eye and airway irritation Eye and airway irritation Dizziness Dizziness Tightness in chest Tightness in chest Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema Painful cough Painful cough Nausea Nausea Headache Headache

35. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-34 Blood Agents Signs and Symptoms Cherry red skin/lips Cherry red skin/lips Rapid breathing and dizziness Rapid breathing and dizziness Nausea, excessive salivation, and vomiting Nausea, excessive salivation, and vomiting Convulsions Convulsions Dilated pupils Dilated pupils Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema Respiratory arrest Respiratory arrest

36. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-35 Chemical Agents Influencing factors Influencing factors

37. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-36 Chemical Detection and Monitoring Multiple devices check various agents Multiple devices check various agents Various requirements Various requirements Draeger CDS LCD 3.3 M256A1 Kit

38. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-37 Chemical Detection and Monitoring RDK Host Controller MultiRae Pro AreaRAE Gamma Steel RAELink 3 RAELink 2

39. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-38 Explosives High-intensity blast High-intensity blast Secondary hazards Secondary hazards Potential threats of additional devices Potential threats of additional devices Conditions likely to effect ops Conditions likely to effect ops

40. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-39 Why Target US&R Personnel? Search and Rescue essential service Search and Rescue essential service Cause overwhelming fear in the public Cause overwhelming fear in the public Delay search and rescue efforts Delay search and rescue efforts Instill fear in other responders Instill fear in other responders

41. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-40 Summary Terrorists willing to inflict harm Terrorists willing to inflict harm Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms US&R no longer exempt as targets US&R no longer exempt as targets B-NICE signs and symptoms B-NICE signs and symptoms Situational awareness - Recognition means survival Situational awareness - Recognition means survival

42. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-41 Module 2 Activity Recognition and Survival for Responses to Terrorism

43. Version 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Weapons of Mass Destruction Mod 2-42 Activity 2 Weather Conditions It is Monday, 0945 hours. It is Monday, 0945 hours. The sky is about 75% covered with clouds. The sky is about 75% covered with clouds. The wind is 4 mph, out of the south. The wind is 4 mph, out of the south. Humidity is 64%; temperature 74  F; dew point is 68  F; inversion at 150 ft. Humidity is 64%; temperature 74  F; dew point is 68  F; inversion at 150 ft.