1. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 1 of 17 TP-1 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program QUALITY ASSURANCE/ QUALITY CONTROL AS APPLIED TO RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND RECORDS HPT001.022

2. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 2 of 49 TP-2 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Enabling Objectives Define QA/QC Define QA/QC Describe NQAP Principal Objective Describe NQAP Principal Objective Describe QA/QC Programs & Features Describe QA/QC Programs & Features Identify QA Program for RadCon Identify QA Program for RadCon Describe NQAP Expectations & Responsibilities Describe NQAP Expectations & Responsibilities Identify Levels of Procedure Use & Characteristics of Each Identify Levels of Procedure Use & Characteristics of Each

3. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 3 of 49 TP-3 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Enabling Objectives Identify Labels for Hard Copy Documents Identify Labels for Hard Copy Documents Identify Organizations Responsible for Controlling Documents & Records Identify Organizations Responsible for Controlling Documents & Records Describe Criteria for Lifetime Quality Assurance Records Describe Criteria for Lifetime Quality Assurance Records Define Quality Assurance Record Define Quality Assurance Record Describe Safeguards Information Describe Safeguards Information

4. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 4 of 49 TP-4 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Quality Assurance Quality Assurance Planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a structure, system, or component will perform satisfactorily in service. Quality Assurance Planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a structure, system, or component will perform satisfactorily in service.

5. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 5 of 49 TP-5 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Quality Control Quality Control Component of Quality Assurance Physical characteristics of a material, structure, or system which provide a means to control the quality of the material, structure, or system to predetermined requirements. Quality Control Component of Quality Assurance Physical characteristics of a material, structure, or system which provide a means to control the quality of the material, structure, or system to predetermined requirements.

6. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 6 of 49 TP-6 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Applicable Documents 10 CFR 20 NRC Reg Guide 1.33 TVA NQAP SPP-1.4SPP-2.0 SPP-2.2SPP-2.3 SPP-2.4SPP-2.6 SPP-5.9

7. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 7 of 49 TP-7 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Regulations & Guidelines Regulation: 10 CFR 50, Appendix B Regulation: 10 CFR 50, Appendix B Guidelines: NRC Regulatory Guide 1.33, “Quality Assurance Program Requirements” Guidelines: NRC Regulatory Guide 1.33, “Quality Assurance Program Requirements”

8. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 8 of 49 TP-8 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program NQAP TVA Nuclear Quality Assurance Plan (NQAP) Defines & describes the nuclear quality assurance (QA) requirements for the Tennessee Valley Authority & establishes responsibilities for their implementation. TVA Nuclear Quality Assurance Plan (NQAP) Defines & describes the nuclear quality assurance (QA) requirements for the Tennessee Valley Authority & establishes responsibilities for their implementation.

9. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 9 of 49 TP-9 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program NQAP Principal Objective Provide confidence that activities affecting quality during design, construction, operation, and maintenance are accomplished in a manner to achieve compliance with preestablished quality objectives and acceptance criteria. Provide confidence that activities affecting quality during design, construction, operation, and maintenance are accomplished in a manner to achieve compliance with preestablished quality objectives and acceptance criteria.

10. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 10 of 49 TP-10 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Programs & Features for which NQAP Applies Radiological Control Radiological Control Emergency Preparedness Emergency Preparedness Nuclear Plant Security Nuclear Plant Security Radioactive Material Shipment Radioactive Material Shipment Special Nuclear Material Management Special Nuclear Material Management Fire Protection Fire Protection Radwaste Management Systems, etc. Radwaste Management Systems, etc. Chemistry Chemistry

11. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 11 of 49 TP-11 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Elements of NQAP List of Safety-Related Items/Systems List of Safety-Related Items/Systems Graded Approach to NQAP Requirements Graded Approach to NQAP Requirements Assignment of Responsibilities Assignment of Responsibilities Preparation of Nuclear Procurement System Documents Preparation of Nuclear Procurement System Documents Training of Personnel Training of Personnel

12. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 12 of 49 TP-12 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Elements of NQAP Provisions for Special Controls, Processes, Test Equipment, Tools & Skills Provisions for Special Controls, Processes, Test Equipment, Tools & Skills Measures to Control Cleanliness of Facilities, Material & Equipment Measures to Control Cleanliness of Facilities, Material & Equipment Prompt Corrective Actions Prompt Corrective Actions Control of Adequate Records Control of Adequate Records

13. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 13 of 49 TP-13 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Augmented QA Program “Radiological Control & Radioactive Material Shipment Augmented Quality Assurance Program,” (RC&RMS) (SPP-5.9) Applies to all TVA organizations that implement portions of the RC&RMS programs. “Radiological Control & Radioactive Material Shipment Augmented Quality Assurance Program,” (RC&RMS) (SPP-5.9) Applies to all TVA organizations that implement portions of the RC&RMS programs.

14. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 14 of 49 TP-14 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program RC&RMS Programs RC&RMS Programs not Regulated by 10 CFR 50 Dosimetry Processing (15CFR285–NVLAP) Radioactive Materials Shipment (10CFR71) Personnel Exposure Data (Privacy Act) Land Use Survey Data (Privacy Act) (For Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program) RC&RMS Programs not Regulated by 10 CFR 50 Dosimetry Processing (15CFR285–NVLAP) Radioactive Materials Shipment (10CFR71) Personnel Exposure Data (Privacy Act) Land Use Survey Data (Privacy Act) (For Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program)

15. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 15 of 49 TP-15 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Management Controls Ensure that the Program Activities: 1. Meet Regulatory Requirements & TVA Policy 2. Are Performed as Required 3. Satisfactory Completion Verified & Documented 4. Accomplished by Approved Procedures & Instructions. Ensure that the Program Activities: 1. Meet Regulatory Requirements & TVA Policy 2. Are Performed as Required 3. Satisfactory Completion Verified & Documented 4. Accomplished by Approved Procedures & Instructions.

16. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 16 of 49 TP-16 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program QA Records Retention Radiation Exposure History: 75 years from time of creation and Concurrence from OGC Radiation Exposure History: 75 years from time of creation and Concurrence from OGC Facility Radiological Control Program: 75 years from time monitoring no longer provided, Licensed material no longer present, and Concurrence from OGC Facility Radiological Control Program: 75 years from time monitoring no longer provided, Licensed material no longer present, and Concurrence from OGC

17. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 17 of 49 TP-17 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Contents of QA Record History Files Instrument Calibration Records Instrument Calibration Records Radiological Surveys Radiological Surveys RWPs RWPs Program Bases & Documentation Program Bases & Documentation Environmental & Effluent Measurements Environmental & Effluent Measurements Radioactive Material Shipment & Disposal Radioactive Material Shipment & Disposal Source & Byproduct Material Source & Byproduct Material Miscellaneous Records Miscellaneous Records

18. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 18 of 49 TP-18 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Miscellaneous Records Rad Engineering/Exposure Optimization Rad Engineering/Exposure Optimization Management/Audit Reports Management/Audit Reports ALARA Job Reviews/Pre Job Briefings ALARA Job Reviews/Pre Job Briefings Radiological & Environmental Trend Data Radiological & Environmental Trend Data Correspondence with NRC Correspondence with NRC Regulatory Inspection/Audit Data Regulatory Inspection/Audit Data Self-Assessments Self-Assessments QA Evaluations, Audits & Assessments QA Evaluations, Audits & Assessments Evaluations of TEDE for Respirator Use Evaluations of TEDE for Respirator Use

19. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 19 of 49 TP-19 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program QA Responsibilities Chief Nuclear Officer & Exec. VP, TVAN: Establish Management Policies & Requirements Chief Nuclear Officer & Exec. VP, TVAN: Establish Management Policies & Requirements Nuclear Assurance: Maintain NQAP & Verify Implementation. Nuclear Assurance: Maintain NQAP & Verify Implementation. Line Management: Establish Quality Requirements in Procedures & Instructions and Ensure Achievement. Line Management: Establish Quality Requirements in Procedures & Instructions and Ensure Achievement.

20. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 20 of 49 TP-20 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program QA Responsibilities Each Organization: Designate Individual to be Responsible to Assure QA Requirements Fully Implemented. Each Organization: Designate Individual to be Responsible to Assure QA Requirements Fully Implemented. Each Employee: 1. Expected to do Job Right First Time 2. Comply with Requirements of NQAP & its Implementing Documents. Each Employee: 1. Expected to do Job Right First Time 2. Comply with Requirements of NQAP & its Implementing Documents.

21. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 21 of 49 TP-21 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Document Control SPP-2.0, “Procedures and Document Control” SPP-2.0, “Procedures and Document Control” SPP-2.2, “Administration of Site Technical Procedures” SPP-2.2, “Administration of Site Technical Procedures” SPP-2.3, “Document Control” SPP-2.3, “Document Control”

22. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 22 of 49 TP-22 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Procedure Use Classifications Continuous Use Continuous Use Reference Use Reference Use Information Use Information Use Multiple Use Multiple Use

23. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 23 of 49 TP-23 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Continuous Use Procedures Characteristics: Consequences of improper action could have direct impact on nuclear safety. Consequences of improper action could have direct impact on nuclear safety. Activity difficult or complex & independent of frequency performed. Activity difficult or complex & independent of frequency performed. Activity infrequently performed with some degree of complexity. Activity infrequently performed with some degree of complexity.

24. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 24 of 49 TP-24 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Continuous Use Procedures Present & Directly Referred to: Each step performed exactly as written Each step performed exactly as written Each step read before performing Each step read before performing Sign-offs performed before proceeding Sign-offs performed before proceeding Sign-offs performed at step completion Sign-offs performed at step completion If reader used, each step acknowledged by reader before proceeding If reader used, each step acknowledged by reader before proceeding

25. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 25 of 49 TP-25 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Reference Use Procedures Characteristics: Work consists of small segments that can be easily accomplished from memory. Work consists of small segments that can be easily accomplished from memory. Consequences of improper actions are not immediate. Consequences of improper actions are not immediate. Activity infrequently performed or has some degree of complexity Activity infrequently performed or has some degree of complexity

26. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 26 of 49 TP-26 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Reference Use Procedures Available at Job for referral: Referenced periodically to verify each segment of procedure performed Referenced periodically to verify each segment of procedure performed User responsible for results when not referring to procedure User responsible for results when not referring to procedure When required, appropriate sign-offs completed to verify that each segment performed When required, appropriate sign-offs completed to verify that each segment performed

27. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 27 of 49 TP-27 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Information Use Procedures Characteristics: Performed frequently or not complex Performed frequently or not complex Can easily be performed from memory Can easily be performed from memory Within knowledge & skills of performers Within knowledge & skills of performers

28. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 28 of 49 TP-28 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Information Use Procedures Procedure should be reviewed periodically, such as: 1. Before performance 2. During continuing training 3. Following revisions Procedure should be reviewed periodically, such as: 1. Before performance 2. During continuing training 3. Following revisions User responsible for results obtained when not referring to procedure User responsible for results obtained when not referring to procedure

29. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 29 of 49 TP-29 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Multiple Usage Procedures Procedures in which different sections require different levels of use. Procedures in which different sections require different levels of use. Procedure identified as multiple use Procedure identified as multiple use Classification of individual sections identified on cover sheet or in procedure Classification of individual sections identified on cover sheet or in procedure

30. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 30 of 49 TP-30 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Document Control Program Ensures latest revisions of controlled documents identified and available Ensures latest revisions of controlled documents identified and available Electronic documents available upon release by appropriate organization Electronic documents available upon release by appropriate organization Transmittal/Receipt acknowledgement required for hard-copy documents Transmittal/Receipt acknowledgement required for hard-copy documents Information-only copies may be distributed with transmittal but no receipt acknowledgement required Information-only copies may be distributed with transmittal but no receipt acknowledgement required

31. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 31 of 49 TP-31 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Controlled Copy Document Identifications “Controlled” – To ensure latest revision “Controlled” – To ensure latest revision “WORK INSTRUCTION___” - Work plan or work instruction requiring revision level “WORK INSTRUCTION___” - Work plan or work instruction requiring revision level “Information Only” – Reference only— Cannot be used for quality or safety related activities “Information Only” – Reference only— Cannot be used for quality or safety related activities “SUPERSEDED” or “SUPERSEDED BY___” No longer current or superseded “SUPERSEDED” or “SUPERSEDED BY___” No longer current or superseded

32. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 32 of 49 TP-32 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Controlled Copy Document Identifications “VOID” or “CANCELLED” – Document no longer valid “VOID” or “CANCELLED” – Document no longer valid “VFU” (Verified for Use) – Verified as current by document user “VFU” (Verified for Use) – Verified as current by document user “INACTIVE DOCUMENT” – Document changed to inactive by revision— Reactivated by subsequent revision “INACTIVE DOCUMENT” – Document changed to inactive by revision— Reactivated by subsequent revision “ADMINISTRATIVE HOLD” – Technical or other difficulties preclude use “ADMINISTRATIVE HOLD” – Technical or other difficulties preclude use

33. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 33 of 49 TP-33 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Document Control Responsibilities Management Services 1. Maintain Controlled Document List 2. Determine documents to be controlled Management Services 1. Maintain Controlled Document List 2. Determine documents to be controlled TVAN Organizations – Generate or revise documents per applicable requirements of TVAN standards, procedures, instructions TVAN Organizations – Generate or revise documents per applicable requirements of TVAN standards, procedures, instructions TVAN Managers & Supervisors – Monitor & enforce procedure use TVAN Managers & Supervisors – Monitor & enforce procedure use

34. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 34 of 49 TP-34 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Document Control Responsibilities Procedure Performer: 1. Ensure latest revision being used 2. Understand activity and procedural requirements 3. Adhere to procedure requirements Procedure Performer: 1. Ensure latest revision being used 2. Understand activity and procedural requirements 3. Adhere to procedure requirements Document User – Ensure documents used are correct revision level for a given activity Document User – Ensure documents used are correct revision level for a given activity

35. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 35 of 49 TP-35 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Records Management SPP-2.4, “Records Management” & NQAP SPP-2.4, “Records Management” & NQAP QA Records must be: 1. Identified 2. Reviewed 3. Authenticated 4. Retained 5. Retrievable QA Records must be: 1. Identified 2. Reviewed 3. Authenticated 4. Retained 5. Retrievable QA Records are auditable QA Records are auditable

36. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 36 of 49 TP-36 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Lifetime QA Records Significant Value in: Demonstrating for safe operation Demonstrating for safe operation Maintaining, reworking, repairing, replacing, or modifying an item Maintaining, reworking, repairing, replacing, or modifying an item Determining cause of accident or malfunction of an item Determining cause of accident or malfunction of an item Provide baseline data for in-service inspection

37. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 37 of 49 TP-37 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Definitions Nonpermanent Quality Assurance Record- A nonpermanent QA record which does not qualify as a Lifetime QA record Nonpermanent Quality Assurance Record- A nonpermanent QA record which does not qualify as a Lifetime QA record Electronic Document Management System (Electronic Vault) – TVA Repository for official records in electronic format Electronic Document Management System (Electronic Vault) – TVA Repository for official records in electronic format Quality Assurance Record – Furnishes documentary evidence of quality of items or activities Quality Assurance Record – Furnishes documentary evidence of quality of items or activities

38. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 38 of 49 TP-38 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Definitions Nonquality Assurance Record – Required to be retained, but not QA record Nonquality Assurance Record – Required to be retained, but not QA record Permanent Record – Determined to have significant value to warrant preservation Permanent Record – Determined to have significant value to warrant preservation Record – Any document maintained for informational value Record – Any document maintained for informational value Records Administrator – Individual charged with ensuring records are identified and organized Records Administrator – Individual charged with ensuring records are identified and organized

39. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 39 of 49 TP-39 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Records Requirements Legible Legible Technically Accurate Technically Accurate Complete Complete Retrievable Retrievable Traceable Traceable Secure Secure Pages Accountable Pages Accountable

40. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 40 of 49 TP-40 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Safeguards Information (SGI) Information not otherwise classified as National Security Information or Restricted data that specifically identifies licensees: 1. Security measures for physical protection of special nuclear material of of more than moderate significance 2. Security measures for physical protection & location of certain plant equipment vital to safety Information not otherwise classified as National Security Information or Restricted data that specifically identifies licensees: 1. Security measures for physical protection of special nuclear material of of more than moderate significance 2. Security measures for physical protection & location of certain plant equipment vital to safety

41. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 41 of 49 TP-41 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Safeguards Information (SGI) Four Most Common Violations of SGI: Leaving SGI Unattended Leaving SGI Unattended SGI Containers Unsecured SGI Containers Unsecured Leaving SGI on Personal Computer (PC) Hard Drive Leaving SGI on Personal Computer (PC) Hard Drive Improper Mailing Procedure Improper Mailing Procedure

42. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 42 of 49 TP-42 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Sensitive Security Information Information that is the property of TVA and has been determined sensitive by the originator Information that is the property of TVA and has been determined sensitive by the originator Distribution on Need to Know basis only Distribution on Need to Know basis only

43. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 43 of 49 TP-43 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Sensitive Security Information Any commercial, financial, attorney/client, law enforcement, security, attorney work product, strategic business, privacy or other whose disclosure could: 1. Be Illegal 2. Be Prejudicial to TVA or Private Co. 3. Violate Privacy of an Individual 4. Not be available in Civil Discovery Any commercial, financial, attorney/client, law enforcement, security, attorney work product, strategic business, privacy or other whose disclosure could: 1. Be Illegal 2. Be Prejudicial to TVA or Private Co. 3. Violate Privacy of an Individual 4. Not be available in Civil Discovery

44. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 44 of 49 TP-44 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Records Responsibilities TVA Enterprise Document Management (EDM) Division – Establish & maintain administrative control over TVA records TVA Enterprise Document Management (EDM) Division – Establish & maintain administrative control over TVA records TVAN Organizations – Identify records administrator & advise Management Svs. TVAN Organizations – Identify records administrator & advise Management Svs. Each Site – Maintain records list with: Classification, Retention, Location, and Responsible Organization Each Site – Maintain records list with: Classification, Retention, Location, and Responsible Organization

45. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 45 of 49 TP-45 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Records Responsibilities Each Organization – Maintain list of all records generated and ensure completeness and accuracy of records Each Organization – Maintain list of all records generated and ensure completeness and accuracy of records Originating Organizations – Maintain accountability for storage of records and protect QA records from damage, loss, misplacement, or destruction Originating Organizations – Maintain accountability for storage of records and protect QA records from damage, loss, misplacement, or destruction

46. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 46 of 49 TP-46 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Computer Software Control SPP-2.6, “Computer Software Control” – Describes processes necessary to control computer software applications within TVAN SPP-2.6, “Computer Software Control” – Describes processes necessary to control computer software applications within TVAN Software Quality Assurance – Controls and actions which provide assurance that computer software performs as intended. Software Quality Assurance – Controls and actions which provide assurance that computer software performs as intended.

47. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 47 of 49 TP-47 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Computer Control Responsibilities Corporate Document Control Records Management (DCRM) – Document Control for computer applications software Corporate Document Control Records Management (DCRM) – Document Control for computer applications software Application Owner – Ensures application software & software documentation meets requirements Application Owner – Ensures application software & software documentation meets requirements

48. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 48 of 49 TP-48 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Computer Control Responsibilities Application Developer 1. Develops/Modifying software 2. Preparing/Revising software documentation 3. Prepare software design description 4. Perform & Document validation & operability testing Application Developer 1. Develops/Modifying software 2. Preparing/Revising software documentation 3. Prepare software design description 4. Perform & Document validation & operability testing

49. HPT001.022 Rev. 1 Page 49 of 49 TP-49 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Summary Nuclear Quality Assurance Plan (NQAP) Nuclear Quality Assurance Plan (NQAP) Radiological Control & Radioactive Material Shipment Augmented Quality Assurance Program (RC&RMS) Radiological Control & Radioactive Material Shipment Augmented Quality Assurance Program (RC&RMS) Document Control Document Control Records Management Records Management Computer Software Control Computer Software Control