1. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 1 The Eye and Vision Most of eye protected by cushion of fat and bony orbit Accessory Structures protect eye and aid eye function –Eyebrows, Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal apparatus –Extrinsic eye muscles Lab 11-12--BIO 105 EYE-EAR

2. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 2 Conjunctiva: Transparent mucous membrane –Produces lubricating mucous secretion –Covers white of eyes but not cornea Lacrimal Apparatus Lacrimal glands secrete tears and drain them via ducts into nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal gland in orbit above lateral end of eye Tears are dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme) –Blinking spreads tears toward medial commissure

3. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 3 Structure of Eye: Outermost layer; dense avascular connective tissue –Two areas: sclera and cornea 1. Sclera--Opaque region Protects, shapes eyeball; anchors extrinsic eye muscles Continuous with dura mater of brain posteriorly 2. Cornea--Transparent anterior area Bends light as it enters eye; 2/3 of focusing takes place at the cornea, 1/3 at the lens Pain receptors contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes Corneal transplants typically are not rejected by immune system because cornea has no blood vessels

4. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 4 Choroid---Middle pigmented layer Contains: choroid, ciliary body, and iris 1. Choroid Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball Black pigment absorbs light to prevent it scattering within eye which makes focusing difficult 2. Ciliary body Ring of smooth muscle surrounding lens Ciliary muscles relax and contract to control lens shape to allow lens to focus Capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid Suspensory ligaments holds lens in position

5. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 5 3. Iris-anterior to ciliary body Colored part of eye Pupil—central opening that regulates light entering eye –Close vision and bright light —pupils constrict –Distant vision and dim light —pupils dilate

6. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 6 Lens Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular Changes shape to precisely focus light on retina –filled with transparent protein –becomes more dense, convex, less elastic with age Cataracts (clouding of lens) consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight

7. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 7 Innermost Layer: Retina Delicate multi-layered membrane; Inner Neural layer Composed of 3 types of neurons –Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

8. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 8 –Light passes to the rear of the retina, through the ganglion cell and bipolar cell layers, in order to stimulate the rods and cones –As light stimulates the photoreceptors, there is a change in their membrane potential which stimulates the  bipolar cells  ganglion cells –Ganglion cell axons exit eye as optic nerve Axons of the ganglion cells of the eye exit as the optic nerve, at the optic chiasma, fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side Fibers from the lateral portions of each retinal field do not cross

9. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 9 The Retina Optic disc (blind spot) –Lacks photoreceptors –Optic nerve leaves eye Photoreceptors (quarter-billion) of two types –Rods-black and white vision –Cones-color vision

10. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 10 Rods –Dim light, peripheral vision, motion receptors –More numerous, more sensitive to light than cones (that is why dim light can stimulate the rods) Not sensitive to visual detail because many rods connect to one neuron

11. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 11 Cones –Receptors for color vision which function better in bright light (daytime vision) Fewer cones connect to one neuron so they produce a sharper visual image –Macula lutea Fovea centralis –best vision

12. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 12 Internal Chambers and Fluids Anterior area contains Aqueous humor continuously formed Supplies nutrients and oxygen mainly to lens and cornea but also to retina, and removes wastes Helps maintain shape and pressure of eye Glaucoma: blocked drainage of aqueous humor increases pressure and causes compression of retina and optic nerve  blindness

13. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 13 Posterior area contains vitreous humor that –Transmits light –Supports posterior surface of lens –Holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer –Contributes to intraocular pressure and maintains shape of eye

14. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 14 Vision: –Eye shape: normal allows focusing at fovea Myopia: nearsighted; lens slightly longer, eyeball is too long or the cornea has too much curvature. Hyperopia: farsighted; lens shorter, eyeball is too short, cornea or lens is abnormally shaped Astigmatism: irregularities in cornea or lens

15. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 15 LABWORK 1. Dissect sheep eye 2. Using eye models and charts, locate the following: sclera, choroid, cornea, retina, iris, pupil, ciliary body, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous body, optic disk, optic nerve. 3. Perform eye tests for visual acuity, astigmatism, and other tests in your lab book, time permitting.

16. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 16 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium (Balance) Three major areas of ear 1.External (outer) ear – hearing only 2.Middle ear (tympanic cavity) – hearing only 3.Internal (inner) ear – hearing and equilibrium Receptors for hearing and balance respond to separate stimuli

17. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 17 External Ear Auricle (pinna) –Funnels sound waves into auditory canal –Sound is form of energy transmitted in waves; different sounds have different wavelengths External acoustic meatus (auditory canal) –Short tube lined with skin and ceruminous glands –Transmits sound waves to eardrum

18. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 18 Tympanic membrane (eardrum) –Boundary between external and middle ears –Connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound –Transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear Middle Ear –Small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in temporal bone –Eardrum at lateral border and medially is bony wall containing oval (vestibular) and round (cochlear) windows

19. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 19 Eustachian or Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube—connects middle ear to nasopharynx –Equalizes pressure in middle ear cavity with external air pressure

20. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 20 Ear Ossicles Three small bones in tympanic cavity: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) –Suspended by ligaments and joined by synovial joints –Transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window –Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract reflexively in response to loud sounds to prevent damage to hearing receptors

21. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 21 Inner Ear (has sound and equilibrium receptors) Bony labyrinth --filled with perilymph –Three regions: vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea Membranous labyrinth -filled with endolymph –Series of membranous sacs and ducts

22. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 22 Vestibular apparatus –Equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule –Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium –Semicircular canal receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium

23. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 23 Vestibule Central cavity of bony labyrinth Contains two membranous sacs 1.Saccule: continuous with cochlear duct 2.Utricle: continuous with semicircular canals Sacs responsible for static or linear equilibrium –Maculae contain equilibrium receptor regions –Responds to gravity and changes in position of head

24. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 24 Maculae Sensory receptors for static equilibrium One in each saccule wall and one in each utricle wall Monitor the position of head in space, necessary for control of posture Respond to linear acceleration forces, but not rotation Contain supporting cells and hair cells (stereocilia and kinocilia) embedded in the otolith membrane studded with otoliths (tiny CaCO 3 stones) –Hair cells synapse with vestibular nerve fibers –Keeps brain informed of changing position of head

25. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 25 Semicircular Canals Three canals (anterior, lateral, and posterior) l ie in three planes of space –Membranous ducts line canals and communicate with utricle –Receptors respond to angular (rotational) movements of head

26. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 26 The Cochlea--hearing spiral, conical, bony chamber; size of split pea –Extends from vestibule –Coils around bony pillar –Contains cochlear duct, which contains Organ of Corti (spiral organ)

27. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 27 The cochlea contains the organ of Corti, the receptor organ for hearing. As the stapes vibrates against the oval window, it transmits pressure waves of sound through the fluid of the cochlea, sending the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct into motion. Cochlea consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves.

28. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 28 Pathway for Hearing Sound waves enter the ear canal  eardrum vibrates Vibrations pass through 3 middle ear bones Motion causes fluid to move in the inner ear. Moving fluid causes thousands of hair-like cells to bend which convert the vibrations into nerve impulses Nerve impulses are CARRIED to the brain by the auditory nerve Brain converts impulses into what we "hear" as sound.

29. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 29 Auditory Processing Pitch perceived by impulses from specific hair cells in different positions along basilar membrane Loudness detected by increased numbers of action potentials that result when hair cells experience larger deflections Localization of sound depends on relative intensity and relative timing of sound waves reaching both ears

30. BIOL 105--Lab 12—Eye 30 The Ear: 1. Find the following structures in your lab book and the human ear models: Pinna, pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, Tympanic membrane (eardrum), malleus, Incus, Stapes, Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canals, Auditory canal, Round/oval windows, Vestibulocochlear nerve. 2. View slide of the cochlea and note the three fluid- filled chambers and the organ of Corti. 3. Perform hearing/balance tests in lab book.