2. CS 325: Software Engineering March 3, 2015 Activity Modeling for Transformational Systems Trtansformational Systems UML Activity Diagrams

3. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 134 Transformational Systems Transformational systems consist of a network of information processing activities, each of which transforms its input into its output. These activities are characterized by control flows that exhibit sequencing, branching, and parallelism, with little or no actor-system interaction. Consider a compiler, which starts with a lexical analysis process that transforms source code input into a token sequence of identifiers, operators, keywords, etc. Next, a parser takes the token sequence as input and outputs a syntax tree, which is used as input to a code generator, which outputs executable code.

4. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 135 UML Activity Diagrams UML Activity Diagrams model the flow of activity within a process (i.e., within a particular use case). The Activity Diagram at left illustrates the activities associated with withdrawing money from a bank account at an ATM.

5. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 136 UML Activity Diagrams Consider an activity diagram to describe the behavior modeled in the use case diagram below. The activity is started by a Commuter actor who needs to buy a ticket. The ticket vending machine will request trip information from the Commuter. This information will include the number and type of tickets (e.g., whether it is a monthly pass, one-way or round-trip, the route number, the destination or zone number, etc.).

6. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 137 UML Activity Diagrams Based on the provided trip info, the ticket vending machine will calculate payment due and request payment options (including payment by cash, or by credit or debit card). If payment by card is selected by the Commuter, another actor, the Bank will participate in the activity by authorizing the payment.

7. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 138 UML Activity Diagrams After payment is complete, a ticket is dispensed to the Commuter. Cash payment might result in some change due, so the change is dispensed to the Commuter in this case. The ticket vending machine will show some "Thank You" screen at the end of the activity.

8. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 139 UML Activity Diagrams The Activity Diagram associated with the “Enroll In University” use case starts with three partitions (or swim lanes), one for each actor (the Applicant and the Registrar), as well as one for the system itself.

9. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 140 UML Activity Diagrams The initial state (represented by the large black circle) starts in the swim lane of the actor invoking the use case. Arrows are used to illustrate the control flow, while rounded rectangles represent the actions taken by each actor.

10. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 141 UML Activity Diagrams When a control flow is marked with text (called a guard), the associated condition must evaluate to true in order for that flow to be traversed.

11. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 142 UML Activity Diagrams The thick horizontal bar with multiple outgoing flows represents a fork, corresponding to the start of activities taking place in parallel. The circled black circle represents a termination state, a point at which the process ends.

12. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 143 UML Activity Diagrams A diamond with several entering control flows represents a merge, at which point any of the incoming flows would yield the same outgoing flow. A diamond with several outgoing control flows represents a decision, with conditions indicating which flow will be taken.

13. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 144 UML Activity Diagrams Explanatory notes may be provided within the diagram to clarify the more complicated aspects of the model. Such notes are particularly helpful to customers and managers, but also assist developers during model reviews.

14. CS 325 March 3, 2015 Page 145 UML Activity Diagrams The thick horizontal bar with multiple incoming flows represents a join, corresponding to the end of activities that were taking place in parallel.