1. WOC 1 view on the focus and scope regarding CO 2 sequestration in WOC 1 (upstream sector) study area. (according to the experience of CO 2 problem study by WOC1 in the period 1994-2006)

2. GasProportion to total GW ConcentrationGlobal Warming Potential Time life CO 2 55353150 – 200 CH 4 151,722112 N20N2040,31310120 O3O3 20,02 1 month CFC215 10 -5 4000 - 1170050 – 10000 %ppmv(100 years)Years SF 6 33 10 -5 239003200 Global warming potential of different gases

3. Production 10-13% (3-4% - flares) Processing 2% Transport 75-80% Others 5-9% Greenhouse gas emissions along gas chain (methane emissions are less than 1% of total)

4. Only a small number of fields have CO 2 content in excess of the maximum permitted for entry on the different transmission systems (2 or 3 %). The largest content of CO 2 (as well as H 2 S) among producing fields is in gas of Astrakhan field (south Russia) – 20 – 26 % strongly limiting gas production volumes. CO 2 problem in gas industry upstream sector

5. Where and how to store CO 2 ?

6. CO 2 injected into suitable, depleted oil reservoirs can enhance oil recovery by 10-15% of the original oil in place in the reservoir. Weyburn project (Canada) At the conclusion of the project, some 19 million tonnes of CO 2 will have been sequestered in the reservoir and some 200 million supplementary oil barrels will have been produced. CO2 injection for EOR

7. Solvent scrubbing (absorption) - Mono-ethanolamine (MEA) Adsorption - zeolithes and activated carbon Cryogenics and membrane – no (study in progress) CO 2 capture technologies

8. Transmission of CO 2 Pipelines – local (first tens of kilometers) Liquefaction – projects (for marine transport and disposal) Solid – only hydrate studies

9. Underground and underwater sequestration of CO 2 Best media: depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers and unminable coal seams. Storage of CO 2 in the deep ocean has also been proposed.

10. Storage Option Global CapacityAdvantagesDisadvantages Gt CO 2 % of emissions to 2050 Oceans> 1 000> 50Time ScaleEnvironment Coal> 15> 1ECBMR (Methane recovery) Low volume Depleted O&G reservoirs 92045EOR Technology - Sites Legislation Decommissioning Aquifers400- 10 000 20 - 500High volumesLong term behaviour Legislation GWP and problems related to the different CO 2 sequestration techniques

11. Requirements: Well known geology (and hence little exploration to be done) Reservoirs with proven traps Potential to some re-use of existing production equipment to transport and inject CO 2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs

12. Requirements: deep underground contain saline water (to form carbonates) unsuitable for supplying potable water cap rock of very low permeability Deep saline reservoirs

13. Unminable coal seams Requirements: Permeable coal layer Impermeable cap Displacement of methane

14. The need for research - The cost of capture which represents about 75% of a total of 40 to 60 USD/t of CO 2, - The need to prove the reliability of storage, - The existence of a specific market.

15. 2 2 2 4 New technological concepts in oceans

16. New technological concepts (1) “Flowers and bees” (Russia, 1998)

17. New technological concepts (2) Mitsui Corp. (Japan, 2005)

18. The analyses of the expected impacts of CO 2 emissions reduction measures on: (i)economic activity, (ii)energy prices, (iii)trade flows, (iv)Industrial competitiveness (new technologies). These impacts depend very heavily on future prices for carbon allowance which are typically projected to stay between 10-30 €/t CO 2. (v)More ambitious emissions reduction targets may be pursued after 2012, pushing CO 2 prices much higher. The conclusions from Energy Charter Secretariat (2006)