1. Challenger: Case Study in Engineering Ethics and Communications Tom Rebold Adapted from Tufte, Visual Explanations And http://www.footnote.tv/mwchallenger.html

2. The Incident January 28, 1986 LaunchAbout 80 seconds after Launch

9. The Investigation

10. O-Rings were a known problem 1970’s: less safe than more expensive alternative 1985: scorching becomes noticeable Thiokol analysis shows worse on colder days Launch constraint by NASA (waived every launch) Thiokol Engineer Roger Boisjoly warns superiors “we could lose a flight” August ’85: NASA Meeting, no changes Later, Feynman calls this strategy “Russian Roulette”

11. Night Before Launch Boisjoly and others: “too cold, delay launch!” –Until 53ºF Management: how come some warmer launches show scorching? –(crucial fact ignored--every single launch in cold temperatures showed damage) Thiokol management gets the engineers to accept a launch recommendation.

12. Role of Communications Chart used by Thiokol Engineers on Jan 27 before launch

13. A Revised Chart by Rogers Commission Showing all launches Temperature at Challenger Launch, 32ºF

14. Obfuscation during investigation Famous physicist Richard Feynman performs experiment on television –Dips o-ring in ice-water –Shows greater stiffness –also complains about slides, bullets Edward Tufte, designer –Provides further damning analysis of charts –Condemns PowerPoint

15. Another Communication Problem Decisions Knowledge of details

16. Epilogue Several families sued NASA management –between $2 and 3.5 million per family. –Morton Thiokol paying 60 percent Roger Boisjoly, Thiokol engineer –testified before Congress –sued Thiokol under a federal whistleblowing statute (lost) –left the company –underwent therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder –awarded the Prize for Scientific Freedom from the AAAS, –now lectures on workplace ethics issues (in Australia) Thiokol gave up $10 million incentive fee –did not sign a document admitting to legal liability. NASA bans commercial or military payloads from shuttle –launched on unmanned rockets