1. UNITS 1 AND 2 Citizenship and the Foundations of Government

2. Basic Concepts of Democracy  Popular sovereignty  Equal justice under law  Equality of all people  Individual rights and liberties  Patriotism  Limited government  Representative government

3. Citizenship  To fully participate in civic and political life, you must be a citizen of the U.S. and a resident of your state and locality.  Citizens’ Privileges:  Voting  Serving on a jury  Running for office

4. Citizens  American citizenship provides full political participation in your state and locality.  You must live in a state/locality for a certain amount of time to receive full participation rights.  Virginia: no residency duration requirement. Most states are 30 days.

5.  Some privileges of citizenship can be denied for major federal crimes.  Example: Treason  Individuals may keep their official residency in areas where they don’t currently reside.  Examples: Active duty military, college students

6. Citizenship by Birth  Any individual born on U.S. soil  Includes territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands  jus soli  Any individual with at least one U.S. citizen as a parent  jus sanguinis

7. Naturalization  The process for non-citizens to gain citizenship varies.  Current requirements:  Permanent resident at least 5 years  Ability to read, write, speak basic English.  Knowledge and understanding of U.S. history and government. (Citizenship Test)  Good moral character  Belief in the principles of the U.S. Constitution

8. Influences on American Government  Athens, Greece (7 th - 5 th Century B.C.E.)  Direct democracy Each individual votes on everything  Romans (5 th - 3 rd Century B.C.E.)  Indirect democracy/republic Individuals select representatives to vote for them

9.  The Magna Carta (1215)  Limited power of government  Fundamental rights  Trial by jury  Due process of law

10.  English Petition of Rights (1628)  Supported the ideas that men have rights and established the concept of rule of law  Trial by jury  No Martial Law  Protection against quartering of troops  Protection of private property

11.  English Bill of Rights (1689)  Limited power of the monarch No standing army in peacetime Free elections Right of petition Parliamentary checks on power

12. Philosophers’ Influence  Locke (1689)  Social Contract  Consent of the governed  Natural Rights: life, liberty, and property  Rousseau (1762)  All men are equal  Hobbes (1651)  Strong government

13.  Montesquieu (1748)  Separation of powers  Checks and balances  Voltaire (1759)  Freedom of religion Question: What two major U.S. documents were greatly influenced by these philosophers?  The Declaration of Independence  The U.S. Constitution  Also, the Constitution of Virginia

14. Other Influences  Charters of the Virginia Company of London (1607)  The basic rights of Englishmen were guaranteed to the colonists by the charters.  Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776)  George Mason  All Virginians should have certain rights, including freedom of religion and the press.  Basis for the U.S. Bill of Rights

15.  Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1777)  Thomas Jefferson  All people should be free to worship as they please  First protection of religious freedom by law  Basis for the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

16.  “The Father of the Constitution” (1787)  James Madison  Authored the “Virginia Plan” which proposed three separate branches of government. (legislative, executive, and judicial)  Authored much of the Bill of Rights

17. Comparative Governments  Federal System  Powers are shared between levels of government  Powers are separated and shared among the branches of the national government  Examples: U.S. and Mexico  Unitary System  The central government possesses all power  Under a parliamentary system, they may delegate some authority  The legislative branch holds both legislative and executive powers.  Examples: United Kingdom and People’s Republic of China

18. The Political Spectrum AnarchyDictatorshipDemocracyRepublicOligarchy More Government Less Government Dictatorship Oligarchy Republic Democracy Anarchy