Volume 2.

Volume 2

C H A P T E R 18 REVENUE Intermediate Accounting IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

Learning Objectives Apply the revenue recognition principle.
Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale. Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts. Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts. Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts. Describe the accounting issues for service contracts. Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

Revenue Current Environment Revenue Recognition (At Point of Sale)
Revenue Recognition (Long-Term Contracts) Revenue Recognition (Other) Guidelines for revenue recognition Departures from sale basis Measurement Recognition Summary Percentage-of-completion method Cost-recovery method Long-term contract losses Disclosures Service contracts Multiple-deliverable arrangements Other Summary of methods

The Current Environment
Revenue recognition is a top fraud risk and regardless of the accounting rules followed (IFRS or U.S. GAAP), the risk or errors and inaccuracies in revenue reporting is significant. Restatements for improper revenue recognition are relatively common and can lead to significant share price adjustments.

Guidelines for Revenue Recognition Revenue recognition principle: Revenue is recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and when the benefits can be measured reliably. LO 1 Apply the revenue recognition principle.

Revenue Recognition Classified by Nature of Transaction Illustration 18-1 Type of Transaction Sale of asset other than inventory Sale of product from inventory Rendering a service Permitting use of an asset Description of Revenue Revenue from interest, rents, and royalties Revenue from sales Revenue from fees or services Gain or loss on disposition Timing of Revenue Recognition Date of sale (date of delivery) Services performed and billable As time passes or assets are used Date of sale or trade-in LO 1 Apply the revenue recognition principle.

Departures from the Sale Basis Earlier recognition is appropriate if there is a high degree of certainty about the amount of revenue earned. Delayed recognition is appropriate if the degree of uncertainty concerning the amount of revenue or costs is sufficiently high or sale does not represent substantial completion of the earnings process. LO 1 Apply the revenue recognition principle.

Revenue Recognition at Point of Sale
Measurement of Sale Revenue Revenue should be measured at the fair value of consideration received or receivable. Trade discounts or volume rebates should reduce consideration received or receivable and the related revenue. If payment is delayed, seller should impute an interest rate for the difference between the cash or cash equivalent price and the deferred amount. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-2 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-2 Sansung makes the following entry on March 31, 2011. Accounts receivable 679,000 Sales 679,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-2 Assuming Sansung’s customers meet the discount threshold, Sansung makes the following entry. Cash 679,000 Accounts receivable 679,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-2 If Sansung’s customers fail to meet the discount threshold, Sansung makes the following entry upon payment. Cash 700,000 Accounts receivable 679,000 Sales discounts forfeited 21,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Measurement of Sale Revenue When a sales transaction involves a financing arrangement, the fair value is determined by discounting the payment using an imputed interest rate. Imputed interest rate is the more clearly determinable of either the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of an issuer with a similar credit rating, or a rate of interest that discounts the nominal amount of the instrument to the current sales price of the goods or services. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-3 The journal entry to record SEK’s sale to Grant Company on July 1, 2011, is as follows (ignoring cost of goods sold entry). Notes receivable 900,000 Sales 900,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-3 SEK makes the following entry to record interest revenue. Notes receivable 54,000 Interest revenue (12% x ½ x €900,000) 54,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Recognition of Sale Revenue Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when all the following conditions are met: Company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; The amount of revenue can be measured reliably; It is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company; and The costs incurred or to be incurred can be estimated reliably. LO 2

Bill and Hold Sales Buyer is not yet ready to take delivery but does take title and accept billing. Illustration 18-4 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Solution: Butler should record the revenue at the time title passes, provided it is probable that delivery will be made; the item is on hand, identified, and ready for delivery at the time the sale is recognized; Baristo acknowledges the deferred delivery arrangement; and the usual payment terms apply. It appears that these conditions were probably met and therefore revenue recognition should be permitted at the time the agreement is signed. LO 2

Illustration 18-4 Butler makes the following entry to record the bill and hold sale. Accounts receivable 450,000 Sales 450,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Sales Subject to Installation or Inspection Illustration 18-5 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Layaway Sales Illustration 18-6 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Sales with Right of Return Two possible revenue recognition methods are available when the right of return exposes the seller to continued risks of ownership: not recording a sale until all return privileges have expired or recording the sale, but reducing sales by an estimate of future returns. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Pesido sold $300,000 of laser equipment on August 1, 2011, and retains only an insignificant risk of ownership. On October 15, 2011, $10,000 in equipment was returned. August 1, 2011 Accounts receivable 300,000 Sales 300,000 October 15, 2011 Sales returns and allowances 10,000 Accounts receivable 10,000 LO 2

At December 31, 2011, based on prior experience, Pesido estimates that returns on the remaining balance will be 4 percent. Pesido makes the following entry to record the expected returns. December 31, 2011 Sales returns and allowances 11,600 Allowance for sales returns and allowances 11,600 [($300,000 - $10,000) x 4% = 11,600] LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Illustration 18-8 Morgan records the sale and related cost of goods sold as follows. Cash 135,000 Sales 135,000 Cost of Goods Sold 115,000 Inventory 115,000 LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Principal-Agent Relationships Amounts collected on behalf of the principal are not revenue of the agent. Revenue for the agent is the amount of the commission it receives. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Consignments Manufacturers (or wholesalers) deliver goods but retain title to the goods until they are sold. Consignor (manufacturer or wholesaler) ships merchandise to the consignee (dealer), who is to act as an agent for the consignor in selling the merchandise. Consignor makes a profit on the sale. Consignee makes a commission on the sale. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Trade Loading and Channel Stuffing Trade loading - a crazy, uneconomic, insidious practice through which manufacturers—trying to show sales, profits, and market share they don’t actually have—induce their wholesale customers, known as the trade, to buy more product than they can promptly resell. Channel stuffing. When a software maker needed to make its financial results look good, it offered deep discounts to its distributors to overbuy, and then recorded revenue when the software left the loading dock. LO 2 Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale.

Long-Term Contracts (Construction)
Two methods of accounting for long-term construction contracts: Percentage-of-completion method. Cost-recovery (zero-profit) method.

Rationale for using percentage-of-completion accounting is that under most of these contracts, the Buyer and seller have enforceable rights. Buyer has the legal right to require specific performance on the contract. Seller has the right to require progress payments that provide evidence of the buyer’s ownership interest. As a result, a continuous sale occurs as the work progresses and companies should recognize revenue according to that progression.

Companies must use the percentage-of-completion method when all of the following conditions exist. Total contract revenue can be measured reliably; It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the company; Both the contract costs to complete the contract and the stage of contract completion at the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably; and The contract costs attributable to the contract can be clearly identified and measured reliably so the actual contract costs incurred can be compared with prior estimates.

Companies should use the cost-recovery method when one of the following conditions applies: When a company cannot meet the conditions for using the percentage-of-completion method, or When there are inherent hazards in the contract beyond the normal, recurring business risks.

Percentage-of-Completion Method Calculation for Revenue to Be Recognized Illustration 18-11 Illustration 18-12 Illustration 18-13 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: KC Construction Company has a contract to construct a €4,500,000 bridge at an estimated cost of €4,000,000. The contract is to start in July 2010, and the bridge is to be completed in October The following data pertain to the construction period. LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: Compute percentage complete. Illustration 18-6 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: KC would make the following entries to record (1) the costs of construction, (2) progress billings, and (3) collections. Illustration 18-7 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Percentage-of-Completion, Revenue and Gross Profit, by Year Illustration 18-16

Illustration: KC’s entries to recognize revenue and gross profit each year and to record completion and final approval of the contract. Illustration 18-17 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: Content of Construction in Process Account—Percentage-of-Completion Method Illustration 18-18 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Financial Statement Presentation—Percentage-of-Completion Computation of Unbilled Contract Price at 12/31/10 Illustration 18-19 LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Financial Statement—Percentage-of-Completion Illustration 18-20 LO 3

Cost-Recovery (Zero-Profit) Method
Illustration: For the bridge project illustrated on the preceding pages, Hardhat Construction would report the following revenues and costs. Illustration 18-21 LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: Hardhat’s entries to recognize revenue and gross profit each year and to record completion and final approval of the contract. Illustration 18-22 LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: Comparison of gross profit recognized under different methods. Illustration 18-23 LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Financial Statement—Cost-Recovery Method Illustration 18-24 LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: Casper Construction Co. A) Prepare the journal entries for 2010, 2011, and 2012. LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Illustration: LO 3 Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts.

Cost-Recovery Method Companies recognize revenue only to the extent of costs incurred that are expected to be recoverable. Only after all costs are incurred is gross profit recognized. LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Cost-Recovery Method Illustration:
LO 4 Apply the cost-recovery method for long-term contracts.

Long-Term Contract Losses Loss in the Current Period on a Profitable Contract Percentage-of-completion method only, the estimated cost increase requires a current-period adjustment of gross profit recognized in prior periods. Loss on an Unprofitable Contract Under both percentage-of-completion and completed- contract methods, the company must recognize in the current period the entire expected contract loss. LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Long-Term Contract Losses
Illustration: Loss in Current Period Casper Construction Co. b) Prepare the journal entries for 2010, 2011, and 2012 assuming the estimated cost to complete at the end of 2011 was €215,436 instead of €170,100. LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Illustration: Loss in Current Period LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Illustration: Loss on Unprofitable Contract Casper Construction Co. c) Prepare the journal entries for 2010, 2011, and 2012 assuming the estimated cost to complete at the end of 2011 was € 246,038 instead of € 170,100. LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Illustration: Loss on Unprofitable Contract $675,000 – 683,438 = (8,438) cumulative loss Plug LO 5

Illustration: Loss on Unprofitable Contract LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Illustration: Loss on Unprofitable Contract For the Cost-Recovery method, companies would recognize the following loss: LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Disclosures in Financial Statements Construction contractors should disclosure: Revenue recognized during the period and the methods used to determine the contract revenue and stage of completion. For contracts in progress, aggregate amount of costs incurred and recognized net income, amount of advances received, and amount of retentions. Any contingent assets or liabilities related to these contracts. LO 5 Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts.

Other Revenue Recognition Issues
Service Contracts Follow the same criteria as long-term contracts. To recognize revenue: It must be reliably measurable; Economic benefits are probable; Stage of completion must be reliably measurable; and Costs must be reliably measurable. LO 6 Describe the accounting issues for service contracts.

Service Contracts Single Act: Revenue recognized at the time of the act. More Than One Act: Revenue recognized as various acts occur. Three circumstances: Specified number of identical or similar acts. Specified number of defined but not identical acts. Unspecified number of identical acts or similar acts with a fixed period for performance. LO 6 Describe the accounting issues for service contracts.

LO 6 Describe the accounting issues for service contracts.

Assuming R&D services are provided according to the contract in 2011, Jackson makes the following entries in 2011 to recognized revenue on the Andes contract. January 1, 2011 Cash 1,000,000 Unearned R&D service revenue 1,000,000 December 31, 2011 Cash 400,000 Unearned R&D Service Revenue 200,000 R&D Service Revenue 600,000 LO 6

LO 6 Describe the accounting issues for service contracts.

SeniorLife makes the following entries related to the contract. January 1, 2011 Cash 300,000 Unearned service revenue 300,000 December 31, 2011 Unearned service revenue 60,000 Service Revenue 60,000 December 31, 2012 Unearned service revenue 105,000 Service Revenue 105,000

Multiple-Deliverable Arrangements (MDAs) MDAs provide multiple products or services to customers as part of a single arrangement. Major accounting issues how to allocate the revenue to the various products and services and how to allocate the revenue to the proper period. LO 7 Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

Multiple-Deliverable Arrangements (MDAs) All units in a MDA are considered separate units of accounting, provided that: A delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis; and The arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item; and Delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the control of the seller. LO 7 Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

Multiple-Deliverable Arrangements (MDAs) Illustration 18-33 LO 7 Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

Illustration 18-34 LO 7 Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

Other Revenue Situations Interest, Royalties, and Dividends Accretion Completion-of-Production Basis LO 7 Identify the proper accounting for multiple-deliverable arrangements.

The IASB defines revenue to include both revenues and gains. U. S
The IASB defines revenue to include both revenues and gains. U.S. GAAP provides separate definitions for revenues and gains. Revenue recognition fraud is a major issue in revenue recognition. The same situation occurs in the United States as evidenced by revenue recognition breakdowns at telecom company Global Crossing (USA), technology company Lucent Technologies (USA), and utility company Enron (USA).

A specific standard exists for revenue recognition under IFRS (IAS 18)
A specific standard exists for revenue recognition under IFRS (IAS 18). In general, the standard is based on the probability that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company selling the goods, rendering the service, or receiving investment income. In addition, the revenues and costs must be capable of being measured reliably. U.S. GAAP uses concepts such as realized or realizable, and earned as a basis for revenue recognition. U.S. GAAP permits the use of the completed-contract method of accounting for long-term construction contracts (IAS 11). Companies generally use the percentage-of-completion method. If revenues and costs are difficult to estimate, then companies recognize revenue only to the extent of the cost incurred—a zero-profit approach under IFRS.

U.S. GAAP does not allow the percentage-of-completion method for service contracts. Under IFRS, costs can be deferred if the company is using percentage-of-completion. Under GAAP, costs are generally expensed as incurred. U.S. GAAP provides detailed guidance in multiple-deliverable arrangements. IFRS guidance is more general.

Franchises Two sources of revenue:
Sale of initial franchises and related assets or services, and Continuing fees based on the operations of franchises. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Franchises The franchisor normally provides the franchisee with:
Assistance in site selection. Evaluation of potential income. Supervision of construction activity. Assistance in the acquisition of signs, fixtures, and equipment. Bookkeeping and advisory services. Employee and management training. Quality control. Advertising and promotion. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Initial Franchise Fees
Franchisors record initial franchise fees as revenue only when and as they make “substantial performance” of the services they are obligated to perform and when collection of the fee is reasonably assured. Substantial performance occurs when the franchisor has no remaining obligation to refund any cash received or excuse any nonpayment of a note and has performed all the initial services required under the contract. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Example of Entries for Initial Franchise Fee
Illustration: Tum’s Pizza Inc. charges an initial franchise fee of $50,000 for the right to operate as a franchisee of Tum’s Pizza. Of this amount, $10,000 is payable when the franchisee signs the agreement, and the balance is payable in five annual payments of $8,000 each. The credit rating of the franchisee indicates that money can be borrowed at 8 percent. The present value of an ordinary annuity of five annual receipts of $8,000 each discounted at 8 percent is $31,942. The discount of $8,058 represents the interest revenue to be accrued by the franchisor over the payment period. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Illustration: 1. If there is reasonable expectation that Tum’s Pizza Inc. may refund the down payment and if substantial future services remain to be performed by Tum’s Pizza Inc., the entry should be: Cash 10,000 Notes Receivable 31,942 Unearned Franchise Fees 41,942 LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Illustration: 2. If the probability of refunding the initial franchise fee is extremely low, the amount of future services to be provided to the franchisee is minimal, collectibility of the note is reasonably assured, and substantial performance has occurred, the entry should be: Cash 10,000 Notes Receivable 31,942 Revenue from Franchise Fees 41,942 LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Illustration: 3. If the initial down payment is not refundable, represents a fair measure of the services already provided, with a significant amount of services still to be performed by Tum’s Pizza in future periods, and collectibility of the note is reasonably assured, the entry should be: Cash 10,000 Notes Receivable 31,942 Revenue from Franchise Fees 10,000.00 Unearned Franchise Fees 31,942 LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Illustration: 4. If the initial down payment is not refundable and no future services are required by the franchisor, but collection of the note is so uncertain that recognition of the note as an asset is unwarranted, the entry should be: Cash 10,000 Revenue from Franchise Fees 10,000 LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Illustration: 5. Under the same conditions as those listed in case 4 above, except that the down payment is refundable or substantial services are yet to be performed, the entry should be: Cash 10,000 Unearned Franchise Fees 10,000 In cases 4 and 5 — where collection of the note is extremely uncertain—franchisors may recognize cash collections using the cost-recovery method. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Continuing Franchise Fees
Continuing franchise fees are received in return for the continuing rights granted by the franchise agreement and for providing such services as management training, advertising and promotion, legal assistance, and other support. Franchisors report continuing fees as revenue when they are earned and receivable from the franchisee. LO 8 Explain revenue recognition for franchises sales.

Copyright Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

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