1. 13.1 – Kingdom Protista

2. Kingdom Protista Characteristics: Eukaryotes
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Considered “left-overs” of organisms:
Consist of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into Kingdom Fungi, Animalia or Plantae
Protists are not animals, plants or fungi

3. Classification
Kingdom Protista consists of diverse species that share similarities with other 3 kingdoms but do not meet all the requirements to fit into those kingdoms
Classifying protists is extremely difficult as there is more than 1 accepted way of separating them
General method is classifying protists by their nutritional patterns:
Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Fungi-like protists

4. Animal-like Protists Referred to as protozoans Protozoans are
Unicellular organisms
Heterotrophs - they eat or ingest materials from their surroundings
Protozoans are not categorized into a taxonomic group. This is a term used to describe animal-like protists that may be distantly related but share a set of characteristics.

5. Types of Protozoans
Protozoans are described and grouped according to their method of movement.
Heterotrophs – ingest small food particles and digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
Do not have a cell wall
4 ways to describe a protozoan:
Zooflagellate
Amoeba
Ciliate
Sporozoan

6. Zooflagellates Possess 1 or more whip-like structures called flagella
Flagella help with movement of the protist in water

7. Ciliates Ciliates are aquatic protists covered with cilia
Cilia – hair-like projections that assist protists with movement in water and with gathering food
Watch video:

8. Amoeba No particular body shape
Create pseudopods – temporary projections of cytoplasm
Pseudopods help protist to move and feed on other organisms
Intake food through process of endocytosis –
engulf organism and form food vacuole
Watch Amoeba Video:

9. Sporozoans
Non-motile protists
Produce spores during reproduction

10. Plant-like Protists
Plant-like protists are those that resemble plants because they are photoautotrophs.
They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis
Unicellular or multicellular protists
Some plant-like protists have cell walls made up of polysaccharides and others do not have cell walls
Types:
Euglenoids
Algae

11. Euglenoid Unicellular Contains flagella for movement
Photoautotroph during the day – undergoes photosynthesis
Heterotroph at night – feeds on dead organisms
Question: Why can euglenoids not be classified in Kingdom Plantae?

12. Algae Unicellular or multicellular
Photoautotrophs – have chloroplast and carry out photosynthesis
6 different groups of algae
Question: Since most algae are aquatic, provide a reason why algae
are “plant-like” and not plants?

13. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Animal-like and plant-like protists can reproduce sexually and asexually.
Asexual Reproduction
Protists reproduce by binary fission. 1 parent cell divides to produce 2 identical daughter cells
Sexual Reproduction
Other protists can reproduce by conjugation. Mates exhange DNA.

14. Reproduction
Binary Fission
Conjugation

15. Conjugation
Question: As a eukaryotic cell, how would conjugation be more
challenging vs prokaryotic cells undergoing conjugation?

16. Protists in our Everyday Lives
Parasitic protists can cause diseases when it they come into contact with the human body
Example: malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery
Algae
Food indusry
Seaweed can be eaten. Example: sushi
Used as food additives in the manufacturing of food products. Example: beta-carotene
Medicine
Used for curing arthritis, influenza, tuberculosis