1. Non-Piped Water Distribution 1 Beat Stauffer, international seecon gmbh

2. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Contents (Example Hardware) 1.Concept 2.How can Non-Piped Distribution optimise SSWM 3.Design Principles 4.Operation and Maintenance 5.Applicability 6.Health Aspects 7.Pros and Cons 8.References 3

4. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Introduction Most of the worlds population do not have piped water distribution. In many areas, there is a organised water distribution by tank trucks. If there is no motorised option, water has to be carried from source to the user. 4 1. Concept Source: WUTICH (2006) Source: UNICEF/WHO (2008)

5. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Even if human powered distribution is not very comfortable (this work is mostly carried out by women and children), there are some points and methods to make it more pleasant: Innovative tanks/buckets Avoid a (re-)contamination 5 2. How it can optimise SSWM Tank Trucks are a good option to transport bigger amounts to communities or to distribute water in an emergency case: Simplifies water access for communities Avoid a (re-)contamination A cistern is filled by a tank truck. Source: LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012)

6. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human-Powered Distribution - Buckets The most common method is to fill water into a bucket, tank, container and to carry it over kilometres to the home. These containers are mostly locally available. 6 3. How does it Work? A child transports a big can on its head, which is big effort every day. Sources: UNICEF/WHO (2008)

7. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Vendors (HIPPOROLLER 2012; QDRUM 2012) Don’t carry the water containers, role it! 50 – 90 litres in a durable plastic tank, easy to transport and can be closed safely. It even can be used to transport other material than just water. 7 3. How does it Work? The Q-Drum can be pulled with help of a rope (left). The Hippo Water Roller (right) can be upgraded with a steel construction to carry baskets as well (so called ‘Hippo Mobile Spaza’). Source: GUNZELMANN (2008) and HIPPOROLLER (2012)

8. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor (KEENER et al. 2009; IRIN 2009) Africa, Asia, South America. Door-to-door vendors. Animal powered traction, human hand carters, water bearers or water tankers. No quality control of the water (e.g. pathogens etc.) 8 3. How does it Work? A water vendor in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso fills his hand cart at a public stand pipe. Source: BASSAN (2011)

9. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor All over the world. 20 litre water jugs. Refill water in the store and bring it home. Companies deliver them to the household. 9 3. How does it Work? Bottled water refill station in a Canadian grocery store. Source: B. STAUFFER (2011) A Nissan truck delivers water jugs. Source: NAVYMAILMAN on Flickr (2009)

10. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Motorised-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor Water is collected at a well or filling station for cistern trucks. Trucks delivers potable water to housholds and communities Permanent solution or in an emergency case. 10 3. How does it Work? A cistern is filled by a tank truck. Source: LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012) A filling station for water trucks in Tepoztlán, Mexico. Source: B. STAUFFER (2009)

11. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 11 4. Operation and Maintenance Equipment surfaces that come into contact with water during transport must be well maintained and be made of material that is smooth, impervious, non-absorbent, corrosion resistant and nontoxic (e.g. stainless steel). It must be possible to close the tank correctly to protect water. Loading, transporting, unloading without contacting any sources of contamination. Tanks that previously were used for something else must be cleaned and flushed. Human-Powered Distribution Motorised Distribution Equipment must be cleaned before used as a drinking water bucket Avoid (re-)contamination

12. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human Powered Everywhere where water is available in a walking distance Water can be used directly or it can be sold 12 5. Applicability Motorised In poor and densely populated areas or rural places Larger amounts than possible to carry After a natural disaster (e.g. earthquake, tsunami, etc.) If the piped distribution system is destroyed (e.g.due to a war)

13. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Quality of water depends on water source (improved or unimproved source?) High risk of contamination during transport and refilling Consider Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) 13 6. Health Aspects Stop microbial pollution and reduce the health. Source: (CAWST 2008).

14. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Human-Powered 14 Advantages: Water can be collected with locally available containers. Disadvantages: Getting the water and transporting it takes a lot of time, especially for women and children, which could otherwise be used for learning or economic activity No control on the quality of the water source. High risk of contamination on the way of transportation. Purification at home is necessary. 7. Pros and Cons

15. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Motorised Distribution 15 Advantages: Water trucks assure water supply in isolated areas A fast water supply can be organised in a case of emergency Disadvantages: High price (set by the vendor) Water source and quality is most often not verified They deliver very often low- quality water Purification at home is necessary 7. Pros and Cons

16. Non-Piped Water Distribution Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 16 8. References GUNZELMANN, D. (2008): Q Drum: Water Transportation Made Easier. Hygiene, USA: LiveOAK Media, Inc. URL: http://greenupgrader.com/3934/q-drum-human-water-transportation-made-easier/ [Accessed: 10.05.2012] http://greenupgrader.com/3934/q-drum-human-water-transportation-made-easier/ HIPPOROLLER (Editor) (2012): Hippo Water Roller Project. Johannesburg: The Hippo Water Roller Project. URL: http://www.hipporoller.org/ [Accessed: 17.04.2012] http://www.hipporoller.org/ IRIN (Editor) (2009): Sri Lanka: Water Shortages Grip Southeast. Colombo: Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86048/SRI-LANKA-Water-shortages-grip-southeast [Accessed: 14.06.2011]. http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86048/SRI-LANKA-Water-shortages-grip-southeast KEENER, S.; LUENGO, M.; BANERJEE, S. (2009): Provision of Water to the Poor in Africa. Experience with Water Standposts and the Informal Water Sector. Washington, DC: The World Bank. URL: http://www.infrastructureafrica.org/system/files/WP13_Standpost.pdf [Accessed: 14.06.2011] http://www.infrastructureafrica.org/system/files/WP13_Standpost.pdf LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012): Water Truck. Snellville: Lemuel Ministries. URL: http://lemuelministries.blogspot.com/2012/04/water- truck.html [Accessed: 10.05.2012]http://lemuelministries.blogspot.com/2012/04/water- truck.html QDRUM (Editor) (2011): The Rollable Water Container for Developing Countries. Johannesburg: Q Drum (Pty) Ltd. URL: http://qdrum.co.za/ [Accessed: 17.04.2012] http://qdrum.co.za/ WAINWRIGHT, M. (2008): Leeds Students Ban Bottled Water. London: The Guardian. URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/dec/16/students-waste [Accessed: 10.05.2012] http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/dec/16/students-waste WUTICH (Editor) (2006): The Effects of Urban Water Scarcity on Sociability and Reciprocity in Cochabamba Bolivia. Florida: University of Florida. URL:http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013898/wutich_a.pdf [Accessed: 15.06.2011]URL:http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013898/wutich_a.pdf

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