1. Honors Anatomy & Physiology

2.  in PNS  operates via reflex arcs  includes:  autonomic sensory neurons  integrating centers in CNS  autonomic motor neurons

4.  when somatic motor neurons sends impulse to a muscle the effect always excitatory…if they stop sending impulses that muscle atrophies  autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities in their effector tissues (cardiac or smooth muscle, glands)

6.  source of most input to ANS via sensory receptors called interoceptors  not consciously perceived most of time  located in:  blood vessels  visceral organs  muscles  in nervous system

7.  most cannot be altered to any great degree making some responses ideally suited for lie detector tests

8.  most consist of 3 motor neurons in series  1 st neuron has cell body in CNS  myelinated axon synapses in autonomic ganglion with 2 nd motor neuron cell body: its unmyelinated axon  effector  except

10. SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONPARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION  preganglionic axons from thoracolumbar nerves  ganglia far from visceral effector in:  sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia  neurotransmitter used:  ACh in ganglia  NE in effector organ  preganglionic axons from craniosacral nerves  ganglia near or w/in visceral effector organs  neurotransmitter used:  ACh in ganglia  ACh in effector organ

11.  most organs have dual innervation  nerve impulses from 1 will increase activity (excitation) & impulses from other decrease activity (inhibition)

13.  2 groups: 1. sympathetic trunk ganglia 1. lie in vertical row, either side of vertebrae 2. prevertebral ganglia 1. lie anterior to vertebral column close to large abdominal arteries

15.  most close to or w/in effector organ

18.  Raynaud’s phenomenon:  due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscles in arterioles of digits  digits become ischemic (lack of blood) after exposure to cold or with emotional stress

19.  autonomic nerve neuropathy: often caused by long-standing diabetes, neuropathy affects 1 or more autonomic nerves, can interfere with reflexes  hyperhydrosis: profuse sweating due to intense stimulation of sweat glands  vagotomy: cutting vagus nerve; often done to decrease production of HCl in patients with severe ulcers