1. Excretory System Tony Serino, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Biology Misericordia Univ.

2. Excretory System Remove wastes from internal environment Wastes: water, heat, salts, urea, etc. Excretory organs include: Lungs, Skin, Liver, GI tract, and Kidneys Urinary system account for bulk of excretion

3. Fluid Input & Output

4. Urinary System

5. Ureter Histolgy Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia -about 25 cm long, retroperitoneal, moves urine by peristalsis; volume of urine moved is called a jet (1-5 jets/min) -ureters enter the bladder wall obliquely, allowing them to remain closed except during peristalsis

6. Urinary Bladder (Remanent of Allantois)

7. Urinary Bladder Histology Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis (Serosa) (Detrusor Muscle)

8. Urinary Bladder Filling Highly distensible 10-600ml normally Capable of 2-3X that volume Under normal conditions, the pressure does not significantly increase until at least 300 ml volume is reached

9. Urethra

10. Urethra Histology -epithelium changes from transitional to stratified squamous along its length -large numbers of mucous glands present

11. Bladder (Storage) Reflex Voluntary control As urine accumulates, the bladder wall thins and rugae disappear Innervation (sympathetic) to the sphincter muscles (particularly the internal sphincter) keeps the bladder closed and depresses bladder contraction

12. Micturition Reflex (Voiding) Urine volume increases, and the smooth muscle increases pressure in bladder Stretch receptors in detrusor muscle, increase parasympathetic activity in the splanchnic nerve cause increase bladder contraction and internal sphincter relaxation Voluntary relaxation of external sphincter by a decrease in firing of the pudendal nerve

13. Kidney Location (x.s.) (Retroperitoneal)

14. Human Kidney Hilus

15. Cortex vs. Medulla Capsule

16. Anatomy of Kidney

17. Major and Minor Calyx

18. Arterial Supply

19. Venous Drainage

20. Renal Circulation

21. Renal Cortex Blood Flow Glomerulus

22. BP in Renal Vessels

23. Nephron (two types)

24. Epithelium of Nephron

25. Urine Formation Overveiw a.Pressure Filtration b.Reabsorption c.Secretion d.Reabsorption of water d

26. Glomerulus (SEM)

27. Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule

28. Podocytes

29. Filtration in Glomerulus Capillary Lumen Endothelium Fenestration Basement Mem. Pedicels Slit pores Glomerular Filtrate

30. Glomerular Filtration A pressure filtration produced by the BP, fenestrated capillaries of glomerulus, and the podocytes creates the glomerular filtrate Slit size allows filtration of any substance smaller than a protein Blood proteins create an osmotic gradient to prevent complete loss of water in blood, Pressure in Bowman’s capsule also works against filtration Volume of filtrate produced per minute is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Average GFR = 120-125 ml/min

31. Forces controlling Glomerular Filtration

32. PCT and DCT (H&E stain)

33. Tubular Reabsorption 75-85% of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in PCT Some of the reabsorption is by passive diffusion –Example: Na + Much of the reabsorption is active, most linked to the transport of Na + ; known as co-transport The amount of transporter proteins is limited; so most actively transported substances have a maximum tubular transport rate (T m )

34. Reabsorption

35. Loop of Henle and CD Provides mechanism where water can be conserved; capable of producing a low volume, concentrated urine Loop of Henle acts as a counter-current multiplier to maintain a high salt concentration in medulla CD has variable water permeability and must pass through the medulla Allows for the passive absorption of water

36. Counter-current Multiplier Descending is permeable to water but not salt; loss of water concentrates urine in tube Ascending is permeable to NaCl but not water; Salt now higher in tube than interstitium; first passively diffuses out then near top is actively transported out Results in a self-perpetuating mechanism; maintaining a high salt concentration in center of kidney

37. Vasa Recta Supply long loops of Henle Provide mechanism to prevent accumulation of water in interstitial space Passive diffusion allows the blood to equilibrate with osmotic gradient in extracellular space

38. Counter-current Exchange

39. Tubular Secretion PCT and DCT both actively involved in secretion (active transport of substances from the blood to the urine) Both ducts play important roles in controlling amount of H + /HCO 3 - lost in urine and therefore blood pH DCT actively controls Na + reabsorption upon stimulation by aldosterone (controls final 2% of Na + in urine)

40. Summary Re-absorption Loses water Loses NaCl Selective Secretion & Re-absorption Water Re-absorption with ADH present

41. Dehydration & Water Intoxication

42. Thirst ADH release Reabsorption of Water in CD Hypertonic, low volume urine

43. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

44. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone  BP Decreased Stretch in JG cells  Renin Release Angiotensinogen  Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Converting Enzyme  arteriolar constriction  Aldosterone Release  Na + reabsorption  BP  water retention and BV Decreased Na in Urine in DCT  stimulation of Macula Densa

45. Declining BP Regulation Stimulates thirst

46. Increase BP Regulation (ANP)

47. Acid/Base Transport