1. Border Security and Terrorism Defense Institute of International Legal Studies Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program

2. I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion 2 Introduction: Module Objectives Participants will be able to list the tools for effective border control Participants will be able to list effective ways to impede terrorist travel Participants will be able to describe the regional efforts to combat terrorism in Africa

3. I. Introduction Global interconnectivity Terrorists target global infrastructure Primary goal: Prevent terrorism while respecting human rights and promoting economic development 3 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

4. I. Introduction Two key aspects Physical security of the borders Treatment of alien nationals 4 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

5. I. Introduction UN Security Council Resolution 1373 requires that states “prevent the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups by effective border controls” 5 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

6. II. An Interconnected World Total world merchandise exports in 2009 = $12.1 trillion 90% of world cargo moves by container Worldwide trade of 7.5 billion tons of goods by sea alone in 2006 Terrorists exploit and target the connections 6 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

7. II. Port Security Initiatives Smart Borders: dedicated pre-clearance lanes and public-private partnerships Container Security Initiative: identification of high-risk containers, pre-screening, high-tech inspection and “Smart” containers 7 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

8. II. Prohibited Materials General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)(1947) – right of States to take any action considered necessary for protection of essential security interests or maintenance of international peace and security 8 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

9. II. Effective Border Control Convention on Marking Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Identification (1991) A Convention on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism was adopted by the General Assembly in April 2005 9 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

10. II. Hot Pursuit Art. 23 of the Convention on the High Seas (1958) and Art. 111 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) create a right of (uninterrupted) hot pursuit into international waters but not into foreign seas No similar arrangement exists on land except by treaty arrangement 10 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

11. II. No Safe Haven UN Security Council Resolution 1373 requires that states “deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts.” 11 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

12. II. Effective Border Control SCR 1373 also established the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote best practice standards 12 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

13. IV. Treatment of Aliens Generally no obligation to admit aliens State obliged to protect human rights and provide equal protection with no unreasonable distinctions 13 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

14. IV. Dual-Check Admissions Dual-check admission system Consular review and visa issuance Separate Immigration Inspection at POE Special procedures for aliens from designated state sponsors of terrorism 14 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

15. IV. Competing Processes Criminal prosecution Extradition Deportation Voluntary return 15 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

16. IV. Political Asylum Under Articles 1(f) and 32 of the Refugee Convention States have no obligation to extend asylum to war criminals, those guilty of acts contrary to the UN Charter and individuals who would compromise national security or public order 16 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

17. IV. Non-Refoulement Non-refoulement - forbids the expulsion of a refugee to a country where he or she might be at risk 16 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

18. IV. National Security Exception From the 1951 Refugee Convention, its1967 Protocol and the 1984 Torture Convention Non-refoulement does not apply to a refugee who presents a danger to the security of the country in which he is, or has been, convicted of a particularly serious crime (Article 33) 18 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

19. Many other countries provide a legal basis to exclude or remove suspected alien terrorists or others who threaten national security Exclude such aliens from refuge and asylum protections; however, non-refoulement may apply Precise rules vary 19 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion V.Exclusion, Removal, and Asylum Laws

20. Terrorist exploit gaps in border security to facilitate attacks on domestic and foreign strategic targets 20 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion V.Exploiting Gaps in Border Security

21. Targets may be: Government Strategic sites Military installations Federal or State government buildings Civilian Public transportation 21 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion V.Exploiting Gaps in Border Security

22. Targets may be (continued): Airline Train National bus line Subway Large public facilities Sport stadiums or other large venues Houses of worship 22 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion V.Exploiting Gaps in Border Security

23. The ability to move freely between international boundaries allows terrorists to: Recruit terrorist members who have expertise (technical / cultural) Fundraise 23 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.The Importance of Terrorist Travel

24. Perform logistical tasks: Rent safe house Open bank accounts Facilitate employment / educational cover Purchase automobile for transportation Purchase surveillance equipment 24 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.The Importance of Terrorist Travel

25. Identify potential targets Conduct reconnaissance of potential targets Practice dry runs Conduct the attack 25 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.The Importance of Terrorist Travel

26. Failure on the part of countries to share information about known and suspected terrorists Lack of an international database system with terrorist screening information. 26 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Key Gaps in Preventing Terrorist Travel

27. …failure to share information (continued): No database with identifying or biographical information on people with known or suspected links to terrorism. 27 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Key Gaps in Preventing Terrorist Travel

28. Widespread use of fraudulent travel documents Passports are easily counterfeited or doctored 28 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Key Gaps in Preventing Terrorist Travel

29. Corruption Issuance of official passports for fraudulent use Immigration officials allow terrorists to pass through checkpoints 29 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Key Gaps in Preventing Terrorist Travel

30. Identify known or suspected terrorists Ensure broad data sharing within own government and with partner nations Detect and apprehend terrorists wherever they reside 30 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Six Steps to Combat Terrorist Travel

31. Dismantle infrastructures and networks that facilitate terrorist travel Strengthen travel and document security Effectively screen travelers at point of departure and arrival 31 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Six Steps to Combat Terrorist Travel

32. Hani Hanjour c.2000 Visa Application 32 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience and 9/11

33. 33 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience and 9/11 Abdulaziz Alomari c.2001 Visa Application

34. 34 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11 Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab A Story of Human and Systemic Failures

35. Facts leading up to the flight: Umar traveled to Yemen to meet with al-Awlaki & pledged support to jihad. British intelligence notify U.S. intelligence of a “Umar Farouk” 35 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11

36. Umar’s father warned U.S. Embassy officials of his son’s suspicious behavior and extreme religious views. Name is not added to the U.S. No-Fly List 36 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11

37. State Department does not withdraw Umar’s U.S. visa citing U.S. intelligence request U.S. Intelligence concerned about compromising ongoing investigation 37 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11

38. British officials previously denied visa application citing concerns about immigration fraud – not passed to U.S. because denial was not based on national security grounds 38 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11

39. Was able to board a Northwest Airlines flight in Amsterdam without a passport by claiming he was a Sudanese refugee 39 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. The U.S. Experience Post 9/11

40. Intelligence collection, analysis, production, and dissemination Accomplishes this via: Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force 40 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Current U.S. Domestic Initiatives to Curb Terrorist Travel

41. Joint Intelligence Task Force – Combating Terrorism National Counterterrorism Center Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center 41 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Current U.S. Domestic Initiatives to Curb Terrorist Travel

42. Terrorist screening and information sharing with foreign partners Terrorist Interdiction Program Watchlisting Technical Support Working Group 42 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Current U.S. Domestic Initiatives to Curb Terrorist Travel

43. Assist international partners with capacity building Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership The Partnership for Regional East African Counterterrorism 43 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Current U.S. Domestic Initiatives to Curb Terrorist Travel

44. Unlike the United States, many countries do not have a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) but instead rely on various government offices to perform specific homeland security functions 44 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.International Approaches to Homeland Security and Terrorism

45. Functions include funding, intelligence, civil defense, law enforcement, counterterrorism measures, domestic crisis management, emergency response, border control, transport security and countering CBRN threats 45 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.International Approaches to Homeland Security and Terrorism

46. Comprehensive counterterrorism legislation DRC has no comprehensive counterterrorism legislation 46 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Democratic Republic of the Congo

47. Countering terrorist financing DRC does have legislation criminalizing money laundering and terrorist financing 47 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Democratic Republic of the Congo

48. Has a Financial Intelligence Unit As of 18 Aug 2011, has not completed any money laundering prosecutions or convictions 48 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Democratic Republic of the Congo

49. Regional and international cooperation 2010 ratified the International Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism 49 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI.Democratic Republic of the Congo

50. Countering terrorist financing January 2011, Niger passed a law implementing the International Convention on the Suppression of Financing Terrorism 50 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Niger

51. July 2011, Niger created the National Coordinating Committee on the Fight against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Member of the Inter- Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa – a financial action task force-style regional body 51 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Niger

52. Member of the Inter- Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa – a financial action task force-style regional body 52 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Niger

53. Regional and international cooperation Cooperated with U.S. counterterrorism efforts and is a Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership country 53 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Niger

54. Entered partnership to establish and conduct operations with Mali, Algeria, and Mauritania Agreed to permit French forces to conduct surveillance operations in Niamey following a kidnapping in Arlit 54 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Niger

55. Legislation and law enforcement Revised counterterrorism legislation has been stalled since 2008 Lack of capacity hindered the ability of the National Police Force to respond to security and terrorist threats 55 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Nigeria

56. Countering terrorist financing Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act covers money collected to carry out terrorist acts but does not cover money collected to aid terrorist organizations or individuals 56 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Nigeria

57. Regional and international cooperation Cooperated closely with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the International Civil Aviation Organization to strengthen Nigerian safety and security systems at 4 major international airports Member of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership 57 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Nigeria

58. Signed the Beijing Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation Signed the Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 58 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Nigeria

59. Legislation and law enforcement The Malian judiciary prosecuted one terrorist case – convicted four AQIM operatives for misdemeanor arms possession; released with time served 59 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Mali

60. Countering terrorist finance November 2010 Malian National Assembly adopted legislation to strengthen the authority of the National Financial Information Processing Unit, Mali Financial Intelligence Unit 60 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Mali

61. National Assembly brought Malian code into conformity with regional standards and the International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism …BUT the legislation was not signed by the President 61 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Mali

62. Regional and international cooperation Participated in training programs to increase the capacity of its security and military forces 62 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Mali

63. Member of the Inter Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa Ratified the Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 63 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion VI. Mali

64. VI. Homeland Security and Terrorism Is a Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Country 64 I.Introduction II. Border Control III. [Not used.] IV. Human Traffic V. Exclusion, Removal and Asylum Laws VI. Homeland Security VII. Conclusion

65. Border Security and Terrorism Defense Institute of International Legal Studies Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program