1. the brain Honors Anatomy & Physiology for copying

2. Brain: unremarkable appearance ~ 3 lbs 4 major regions

3. right & left connected by large fiber tract: corpus callosum cover most of other 3 parts surface: elevated ridges = gyri separated by shallow grooves = sulci Fissures deeper grooves separate regions of brain 1. Cerebral Hemisphere

4. separates cerebral hemispheres other fissures separate brain into lobes Longitudinal Fissure

5. spaces in brain filled with CSF connected to subarachnoid space (around brain & spinal cord) and central canal of spinal cord Ventricles of the Brain

6. parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus receives impulses from sensory receptors (not special senses), interprets them – pain recognition – temperature – light touch Somatic Sensory Area

7. anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe major voluntary motor tract Primary Motor Area

8. visual area Occipital Lobe

9. auditory & olfactory areas Temporal Lobe

10. Brocca’s Area: ability to speak – @ base of precentral gyrus (usually only on left side) – injury  inability to correctly vocalize words Frontal Lobe

11. anterior frontal lobe: higher intellectual reasoning complex memories: frontal/ temporal lobe all facets of speech: occipital/temporal/parietal lobes Lobe Functions

12. Gray Matter of the Brain

13. gray matter in brain that is NOT in cerebral cortex functions: help regulate voluntary motor activity by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscle by primary motor cortex Basal Nuclei

14. 2. Diencephalon

15. sits atop brain stem enclosed by cerebral hemispheres major parts: – Thalamus – Hypothalamus – Limbic system – Epithalamus Diencephalon

16. relay station for sensory impulses passing thru to sensory cortex Thalamus

17. ANS center role in: – temperature control – water balance – metabolism Hypothalamus

18. Limbic System: forms rim surrounding corpus callosum

19. regulates autonomic & endocrine functions in response to emotional stimuli (“reacting” brain vs. cerebral cortex being “thinking” brain) – set level of arousal – motivation – reinforcing behaviors – rage, love, memory, empathy Limbic System

20. ~size of thumb in diameter & ~ 3 inches long 3 parts: 1.midbrain 2.pons 3.medulla oblongata Brain Stem

21. knots of capillaries w/in each ventricle produce & secrete CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) Choroid Plexus

22. smallest, uppermost part of brain stem cerebral aquaduct: tiny canal that runs thru midbrain connecting 3 rd & 4 th ventricles contains reflex centers for vision, hearing Midbrain

23. “bridge” rounded structure that protrudes below midbrain contains apneustic (produces deep, prolonged inspirations) & pneumotatic center (inhibits inspiration) Pons

24. most inferior part of brain stem inferior border merges into spinal cord centers: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting Medulla Oblongata

25. large, cauliflower-like projects dorsally from under occipital lobe 2 hemispheres convoluted surface provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity Controls balance & equilibrium Cerebellum

26. Head injuries are leading cause of accidental death in USA. Concussion: dizziness, “see stars”, briefly lose consciousness; No permanent brain damage Contusion: result of marked tissue damage. Cerebrum: may maintain consciousness Brainstem: coma Cerebral Edema: swelling of brain due to inflammatory response to injury/ initially conscious  neuro signs deteriorate (think edema or hemorrhage) Traumatic Brain Injuries

27. stroke 3 rd leading cause of death in USA occur when blood circulation to brain is interrupted – vessel could be blocked (temporary or permanent) or hemorrhaging Cerebrovascular Accident(CVA)

28. CVA characterized by: – abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms that arise from destruction of brain tissue common causes: – intracerebral hemorrhage – emboli – atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries

29. CVA Risk Factors 1.hypertension 2.hypercholesterolnemia 3.heart disease 4.narrowed carotid arteries 5.hx of TIAs (transient ischemic attacks) 6.diabetes 7.smoking 8.obesity 9.excessive alcohol intake

30. CVA Treatments Thrombolytic: – clot-dissolving drug: tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) greatly improved prognosis for CVA – aspirin (makes plts slippery  fewer clots) – blood thinners

31. Aphasia: from damage to left side cerebrum where language centers are Motor Aphasia: – damage to Broca’s area – loss of ability to speak Sensory Aphasia: – loss of ability to understand written or spoken word Sequelae of CVA

32. Transient Ischemic Attack “mini-stroke” due to temporary restriction of blood flow symptoms last 5 – 50 minutes “red flags” that warn impending & more serious CVAs TIA

33. Alzheimer Disease (AD) most common type of dementia >10% population > age 65 4 th leading cause of death in US characterized by progressive loss of reasoning & ability to care for oneself cause of most cases unknown but… – genetic factors – environmental or lifestyle factors – normal aging process