1. Anatomy & Physiology

3.  right & left connected by large fiber tract: corpus callosum  cover most of other 3 parts  surface: elevated ridges = gyri separated by shallow grooves = sulci  Fissures deeper grooves separate regions of brain

5.  separates cerebral hemispheres  other fissures separate brain into lobes

6.  spaces in brain filled with CSF  connected to subarachnoid space (around brain & spinal cord) and central canal of spinal cord

7.  parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus  receives impulses from sensory receptors (not special senses), interprets them ◦ pain recognition ◦ temperature ◦ light touch

9.  anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe  major voluntary motor tract

11.  visual area

12.  auditory & olfactory areas

13.  Brocca’s Area: ability to speak ◦ @ base of precentral gyrus (usually only on left side) ◦ injury  inability to correctly vocalize words

15.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6 ILk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6 ILk

16.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41y grI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41y grI

17.  anterior frontal lobe: higher intellectual reasoning  complex memories: frontal/ temporal lobe  all facets of speech: occipital/temporal/parietal lobes

21.  gray matter in brain that is NOT in cerebral cortex  functions: help regulate voluntary motor activity by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscle by primary motor cortex

22.  Parkinson’s  Huntington’s

24.  sits atop brain stem  enclosed by cerebral hemispheres  major parts: ◦ Thalamus ◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Limbic system ◦ Epithalamus

25.  relay station for sensory impulses passing thru to sensory cortex

26.  ANS center  role in: ◦ temperature control ◦ water balance ◦ metabolism

28.  regulates autonomic & endocrine functions in response to emotional stimuli (“reacting” brain vs. cerebral cortex being “thinking” brain) ◦ set level of arousal ◦ motivation ◦ reinforcing behaviors ◦ rage, love, memory, empathy

30.  ~size of thumb in diameter & ~ 3 inches long  3 parts: 1.midbrain 2.pons 3.medulla oblongata

31.  knots of capillaries w/in each ventricle  produce & secrete CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

32.  smallest, uppermost part of brain stem  cerebral aquaduct: tiny canal that runs thru midbrain connecting 3 rd & 4 th ventricles  contains reflex centers for vision, hearing

34.  “bridge”  rounded structure that protrudes below midbrain  contains apneustic (produces deep, prolonged inspirations) & pneumotatic center (inhibits inspiration)

36.  most inferior part of brain stem  inferior border merges into spinal cord  centers: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

39.  large, cauliflower-like  projects dorsally from under occipital lobe  2 hemispheres  convoluted surface  provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity  controls balance & equilibrium

42.  Head injuries are leading cause of accidental death in USA.  Concussion: dizziness, “see stars”, briefly lose consciousness; No permanent brain damage  Contusion: result of marked tissue damage. Cerebrum: may maintain consciousness Brainstem: coma  Cerebral Edema: swelling of brain due to inflammatory response to injury/ initially conscious  neuro signs deteriorate (think edema or hemorrhage)

43.  stroke  3 rd leading cause of death in USA  occur when blood circulation to brain is interrupted ◦ vessel could be blocked (temporary or permanent) or hemorrhaging

45.  characterized by: ◦ abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms that arise from destruction of brain tissue common causes: ◦ intracerebral hemorrhage ◦ emboli ◦ atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries

46. 1. hypertension 2. hypercholesterolnemia 3. heart disease 4. narrowed carotid arteries 5. hx of TIAs (transient ischemic attacks) 6. diabetes 7. smoking 8. obesity 9. excessive alcohol intake

47.  Thrombolytic: ◦ clot-dissolving drug: tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) greatly improved prognosis for CVA ◦ aspirin (makes plts slippery  fewer clots) ◦ blood thinners

48.  Aphasia: from damage to left side cerebrum where language centers are  Motor Aphasia: ◦ damage to Broca’s area ◦ loss of ability to speak  Sensory Aphasia: ◦ loss of ability to understand written or spoken word

49.  Transient Ischemic Attack  “mini-stroke”  due to temporary restriction of blood flow  symptoms last 5 – 50 minutes  “red flags” that warn impending & more serious CVAs

51.  most common type of dementia  >10% population > age 65  4 th leading cause of death in US  characterized by progressive loss of reasoning & ability to care for oneself  cause of most cases unknown but… ◦ genetic factors ◦ environmental or lifestyle factors ◦ normal aging process