1. BRING TEXTBOOK TOMORROW AND FRIDAY! You will use it for your Ming Web Quest, and you may have time to work on reading notes!

2. MUSLIM EMPIRES 1450-1750

3. BACKGROUND Seljuk Turks had occupied Constantinople since 1055 and preserved Muslim unity Mongols destroyed Muslim unity Post-Mongol world: 3 new Islamic Empires will emerge: 1. Ottoman- North Africa to Southern Russia and Turkey 2. Safavid- Iran, Afghanistan 3. Mughal- India

4. GUNPOWDER EMPIRES All of these new empires can be called gunpowder empires because: -Had considerable military exploits -Made use of new technologies like firearms and cannons to gain land

5. THE OTTOMANS Restored under Mehmed I following the Timurid invasions Sacked Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire Sunni Muslims Role of the military - Economy geared towards military and expansion -Jannisaries- Islamic foot soldiers who were drafted as young boys from conquered areas, forced to convert to Islam, and trained in warfare -Used firearms

6. OTTOMAN SULTANS Suleiman the Magnificent- expanded Ottoman Empire to greatest heights Usually absolute monarchs Pitted other powerful factions (warrior elite, janissaries, and religious scholars) against each other to maintain power Grew increasingly distant from their subjects as empire expanded By late 16 th -century, the real power rested with a grand vizier, the head of the Ottoman bureaucracy

7. OTTOMAN CULTURE Mehmed II (who led the Ottoman sack of Constantinople) wanted to refurbish the city Converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque Built aqueducts Bazaars with merchants were common (large merchant/artisan class)

8. OTTOMAN DECLINE Reached peak of power in late 17 th century but ruled into the 20 th century Reasons for decline: Too large to maintain No new possibilities for conquest Government corruption Peasant uprisings Weak sultans Silver brought in from Americas led to inflation Battle of Lepanto- 1571 Ottoman fleet is defeated by Spanish/Venetian force Ends naval dominance

9. SAFAVID EMPIRE Founded by Shi’ite Muslims (that is why Iran is still one of the Shi’ite strongholds today)- bitter hostility with Sunni Muslims Rose to power through military power on the frontier Origins- Sufi mystics Founded by Sufi Sail al-Din- wanted to purify and reform Islam Won many enemies until Isma’il led the Safavids to victory in 1501 and declared himself shah, or emperor

10. BATTLE OF CHALDIRAN- AUGUST 1514 Clash between Sunni Ottomans and Shi’a Safavids Demonstrated the importance of muskets and cannons during the “gunpowder age” Ottomans are victorious- put an end to Isma’il’s dreams of westward expansion Safavids retreat back to capital at Tabriz Consequences: Shi’ism stays confined in Persia

11. SAFAVID RULERS Abbas I- Empire reached its height (1587-1629) Built standing army of 40,000 troops Increased artillery Received advice from Europeans Encouraged trade Elaborate capital at Isfahan- mosques were most beautiful in the world Warrior leaders occupied key posts of power in the gov’t Had an army of slaves similar to janissaries- cause political struggles through revolts Often claimed descent from Muhammad (semi-divine)

12. SOCIETY AND GENDER: OTTOMAN VS. SAFAVID Both…. Dominated by warrior aristocracy Faced peasant rebellions as landlord class became more corrupt Encouraged artistry and trade (Ottomans-Christian and Jewish merchants; Safavid-Portuguese) Patronized public works projects Restricted rights of women  But they differed in…..  Safavid economy was less developed  Ottomans had advantage in trade through contact with the west

13. FALL OF THE SAFAVID Weak successor after Abbas’ death Outside threats to empire/internal rebellions 1722- Afghan tribes attack Safavid capital at Isfahan Nadir Khan Asfhar, a soldier, emerges as a champion of Safavid restoration and declares himself emperor in 1736; dynasty is short-lived

14. MUGHAL EMPIRE Founded by Babur in the 16 th century Located in Northern India Expansion was NOT motivated by religious fervor Simply wanted land Advanced military- gun carts, movable artillery, cavalry

15. MUGHAL RULE Ineffective bureaucracy under Babur and Humayan Akbar- one of the greatest leaders of all time Goal- unite India Policy of reconciliation and cooperation with Hindu princes Encouraged intermarriage between Muslim and Hindu rulers Eliminated jizya, or head tax, on Hindus Strengthened military and government Patron of the arts/philosophy New religion- Din-i-Ilahi Incorporated both Hinduism and Islam

16. SOCIAL REFORM UNDER AKBAR Women enjoyed a higher social status during Akbar’s reign This will change in later years of the Mughals Discouraged child marriage and outlawed sati, or widows being burned alive with their dead husbands’ bodies Wives of emperors often had great power Nur Jahan- patron of charities in major cities Mumtaz Mahal- Taj Mahal built for her

17. MUGHAL ART/ARCHITECTURE Splendid cities at Agra, Delhi, and Lahore Taj Mahal- built by Shah Jahan for his dead wife Polo Agra Taj Mahal Delhi Lahore

18. FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Corrupt bureaucracy Technologically inferior army Aurangzeb- last major ruler Wanted to extend Mughal control over all of India Wanted to purify Indian Islam Both disastrous Reinstated head tax to finance wars- unpopular Wars put them into debt by the time of his death in 1750 Internal rebellions made Mughals lose control of empire- allowed for the rise of new religious sects like the Sikhs