1. EtherScope™ Series II Network Assistant Next generation network analyzer helps first responders solve problems fast ECA02132007

2. 2 Outline Introduction to EtherScope LAN Introduction to EtherScope WLAN Additional EtherScope WLAN Features RFC 2544 Testing –(Throughput, Latency, and Frame Loss Rate)

3. Introduction to EtherScope LAN LAN analysis and performance testing 10/100/1000Mbps RJ-45 twisted pair interface 1000Mbps LC fiber optic interface

4. 4 Components Specifications: OS: Embedded Linux TM (X-scale based) Touch Screen: 640x480 TFT (Active) Custom network testing hardware 256Mb RAM, 32Mb ROM 64 Mb Compact Flash Card Included (for saved test results/reports) Expandable Weight:.82 kilograms or 2 pounds Dimensions: 19.1 x 15.2 x 4.4 centimeters or 7.5 x 6 x 1.75 inches Serial Port (can be used to configure network devices) Audio Ports (MIC, Headphone) USB (optional mini-keyboard, mouse) Power Stylus SFP Fiber Transceiver LAN Test Port WLAN Card (PCMCIA) Compact Flash (CF2) Kensington Lock

5. 5 Power On/Off Two modes: Shut Down or Suspend Protective Rubberized “Boot” Bright Active Matrix Touch Screen Battery: Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Approx. 4 hours use / charge Optional extra battery and charger stand Status LEDs Link Utilization Collisions Errors Transmit Components

6. 6 Home Page: Test Results and Navigation Blue text indicates hyperlinks to more detail “Menu”-based navigation with highlights of selected test shown at left “Details” drills in on selected test for more results Tool Bar – a convenient and consistent navigation and information platform. Easy navigation: Back Home Tools Help Touch icon for instant link to specific tests

7. 7 Instrument Settings Drill in on Connection to reach Instrument Settings, where you can configure TCP/IP, Ethernet, Security, and General instrument settings. Add community strings and security passwords, change Ethernet negotiation characteristics and interfaces. Get an IP Address via DHCP, or manually - DHCP Server Log appears after hitting “Apply” Password to control community string and Remote U/I access Note the default community strings Save time with ‘Fast Connect Mode’ Check for Link Check Address Go to next drop Add management VLAN devices here Full control of your connection settings

8. 8 Cable Verification

9. 9 Cable Verification Details Launches on- board ANALOG Toner Changes the color code order in wiremap results

10. 10 IntelliTone Toner Generate analog or IntelliTone tones to help locate copper cabling –choice of two tones Click Cable Verification, Details and Cable Toner choice of modes and tones

11. 11 Fiber test kit (DSP-FTK) support Measure the optical power or the loss of an optical fiber link using the DSP-FTK fiber test kit –DSP-FTK = DSP-FOM and FOS-850/1300 Click Cable Verification, Details, then select the Fiber button Connect DSP-FOM to LAN port power, loss and margin set reference for loss measurement auto wavelength detection (FOM)

12. 12 Signal Verification Scans for DC voltage levels and over voltage conditions. Perfect for trouble- shooting Power Over Ethernet! Checks for presence and amplitude of link pulse and data signals Supported signaling and link partner-EtherScope advertised auto- negotiation

13. 13 Traditional switched network Switch Router Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3 Broadcast domain

14. 14 Switched network with VLANs Switch Layer 3 Switch or Router Router Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3 Broadcast domain Engineering VLAN Accounting VLAN Sales VLAN Either dedicated cables or a VLAN “trunk”. A trunk link can carry traffic from multiple VLANs.

15. 15 EtherScope network visibility boundaries From a single connection, EtherScope can see the Collision Domain - local statistics Broadcast Domain – device, network, VLAN discovery Collision domain statistics Broadcast domain discovery (SNMP)

16. 16 EtherScope local VLAN statistics If the ES is connected to a trunk port, multiple VLANs will be present Use “VLAN Statistics” to identify the VLANs that are active on the port (includes the Native or untagged VLAN traffic) If you select a VLAN ID that is unconfigured on the port to which the EtherScope is connected, it might not be able to communicate with the network (e.g. DHCP fails) –Try configuring the ES for the VLAN with the highest packet count

17. 17 EtherScope VLAN discovery The number of VLANs reported by VLAN Statistics and VLAN Discovery will frequently differ VLAN Statistics shows VLANs detected by monitoring the local network segment while VLAN Discovery is using active (SNMP) discovery

18. 18 IEEE 802.1Q Standard methodology for constructing a VLAN trunk A “VLAN tag” is added to the Ethernet frame by the switch that is trunking traffic to identify the VLAN The last trunk switch will strip off the tag before forwarding the frame to the destination VLAN tag (includes CoS)

19. 19 EtherScope on a trunk port Tap “Enable 802.1Q” checkbox to turn on VLAN tagging Use the “VLAN ID” field to designate the VLAN number that the ES will use Use the “Priority” field to set the user priority (CoS) for the frames generated by the ES Active discovery will be limited to the devices on the selected VLAN (broadcast domain) Can only enable 802.1Q if the port of the link partner has.1Q enabled

20. 20 Class of service (CoS) priority CoS provides a means of prioritizing which traffic the switch will process first –Example: give VoIP traffic higher priority than web traffic –802.1p is an subset of 802.1Q VLAN tagging Layer 2 intranetwork priority mechanism (switches and MAC addresses) 802.1Q and 802.1p CoS support added to EtherScope to facilitate observation of layer 2 CoS priority on link performance –User can configure the priority of the traffic EtherScope generates

21. 21 Type of Service priority Like CoS, provides a means of prioritizing traffic –Layer 3 internetwork traffic (routers and IP addresses) –Examples: VoIP traffic over web traffic, critical application traffic over email Two versions –TOS with IP precedence 4 attributes (delay, throughput, reliability, cost) – TOS with differentiated services code point (DSCP) 8 attributes for more flexible control Support added for IP type of service (TOS) Layer 2 AddressingLayer 3 Addressing TOS Byte of IP header

22. 22 Local Statistics Notice the detailed preview information – giving you a quick look so you can decide at a glance whether you want to drill-in further… Something looks suspicious here, don’t you think? – Just click on ‘Details’

23. 23 Local Statistics, Details Note that you can also change the source, and the interface to trend a remote device as well. This helps you follow the scent of problems and enables you to track them down and fix them quickly!

24. 24 Local Statistics, Details So you click on the Details button or on the Local Utilization link to see what’s happening. Note that you can also change type of information displayed. Here you see Error Details. Oversize and Undersize frames

25. 25 Remote Statistics, Details Choose a different source (switches only!) and interface to monitor On selected device and interface, EtherScope reads only the Layer 2 interfaces. It Pulls MIB II information, but no RMON history, so single port statistics are shown

26. 26 Top Protocols Notice the summary protocol statistics, listed in BLUE – that means they are ‘clickable’ to drill in for additional details

27. 27 Protocol Statistics Detail Top sources of the selected packet type are listed in order. Throughout EtherScope’s User Interface, data can be sorted by headings, and selected by type

28. 28 Top Talkers At the top level, see top talkers at a glance. Drill in to see details of this particular bandwidth hog

29. 29 Top Talker Detail Detailed information available on top talkers. Select a particular talker and tap the ‘Details’ button to obtain still another level of drill-in. Select the radio buttons to list senders of Errors, Broadcasts and Multicast traffic Note that where appropriate, applicable buttons will appear, in- context… Here you can ‘Clear’ the packet counts, or generate and store a ‘Report’ Click to see Layers of protocols available

30. 30 Top Talker IPV4 Protocol Detail Detailed information available on the distribution of IPV4 Protocol

31. 31 Device Discovery Summary level information about the devices discovered. Again, you can drill in to see a list of all devices, or a particular type of device you are interested in, just by selecting it Note that while the green ‘check- mark’ indicates that EtherScope has completed its first pass on Device Discovery - it continues to listen to traffic to identify and report on new network devices it discovers.

32. 32 Device Discovery, Details Drilled-in on All Devices, see the Name, IP Address, Switch Slot/Port, VLAN, and any associated problems Use these radio buttons or use the scroll-bar to navigate through the table to see additional details on the devices.

33. 33 Device Discovery Report A sample report listing pertinent information on all devices. Column headings can be sorted here as well. Document the network! Reports saved to Compact Flash, accessible via Web interface MUST have CF installed to save reports!

34. 34 Device Details by Type - Switches Overview of device configuration information is shown here Individual Device Traffic shown here. Select a device and tap the ‘Details’ button to again to obtain still another level of drill-in.

35. 35 Specific Device Details Device-specific links and appropriate troubleshooting tools are now available. Note that you can drill in on the switch interfaces to see who’s connected on each port Quick launch troubleshooting tools Detailed information about this particular switch is shown in the main screen

36. 36 Switch Interface Details Here we have drilled-in on the switch Interface Detail link which shows the status and configuration of all the ports, including who’s connected to each! You can even select one of the hosts and drill in further on it… Notice the problem icon showing Host EVTPC1272… time for some investigation. You can sort on that column to see all the problems discovered on this switch port… Problem discovery speeds troubleshooting.

37. 37 Trace Switch Route Trace Switch Route shows you the Layer 2 connection path between EtherScope and the selected device. The “from” device is always the EtherScope. The “destination” is selected in the drop down box. Want to see the interface details or monitor utilization on the connecting switch port? Just drill in on the BLUE highlighted Slot/Port to go there.

38. 38 Network Discovery Overview EtherScope lists all the networks discovered, and provides quick information about the number of hosts on each

39. 39 Network Discovery Details Select and expand the IP Subnets to see detailed information on how the network is organized, and which hosts are members By now, you recognize that you can select and drill- in on any subnet or device to get additional details…

40. 40 VLAN Discovery See VLANs, and associated switch ports and hosts. Trunks are not shown. Discovery of all VLANs within connected broadcast domain only (discovered switches). Finds by way of reading switch configs Lists hosts by VLAN

41. 41 Nearest Switch EtherScope locates the nearest switch and monitors it for you

42. 42 Switch Scan Monitoring these switches for high utilization and errors. Automatically shows nearest switch and one other user- selected switch.

43. 43 Switch Scan Details See the Average and Peak Utilization on all the active ports of two selected switches. Visibility of traffic IN and OUT. Average and Peak reading results shown since Switch Scan was activated. Select another switch to monitor from the drop- down list

44. 44 Switch Scan Trending Select a port from the previous then click Trend for Utilization History

45. 45 Key Devices EtherScope automatically checks on selected Key Devices when it starts up, and again whenever you select ‘Start Test’

46. 46 Problem Log Details EtherScope monitors network conditions and automatically alerts you to detected problems. Errors, Warnings, and Info Messages are listed. Intermittent Problems are reported and listed as Resolved, so even if they go away you know about them You can delete selected or resolved problems (or ‘undo’ if deleted by accident)

47. 47 Documenting the LAN Save results as a Report to document wired LAN attributes –click on Report button found on most Detail screens Use Report Viewer and File Manager applications to view and manage reports on-board open to view open, rename or delete

48. 48 Remote Access Via Web Browser Access real time or saved reports Launch a remote session; can require password – default is blank (nothing) Direct link to support resources at www.flukenetworks.com Access the embedded Online Help file

49. 49 Performance testing How do you know that a newly installed network link or network device is really delivering the performance he expects? Is the performance sufficient for successful data transfers, email, web-based seminars, VoIP and other applications? Are user complaints of a slow network true? How will adding additional users to a segment of your network impact network performance? The RFC 2544/ITO Option helps answer these questions.

50. 50 RFC 2544/ITO Option This option includes –RFC 2544 performance testing –a traffic generator –the proprietary Throughput Test found on other Fluke Networks analyzers like the OneTouch Network Assistant and the OptiView Integrated Network Analyzer Select the RFC 2544 tests to characterize the performance of a network link using the well-accepted IETF recommendation Select the proprietary Throughput Test for quick verification that a link can carry a specific, user-defined data rate for a set interval of time Test at up to full line Gigabit rates Over twisted pair or optical fiber (SX, LX, ZX) cabling

51. 51 RFC 2544 Tests Characterize network performance by selecting one or more of the three most valuable RFC 2544 performance metrics –throughput –latency –frame loss rate For each test, you can use the default frame and test defaults, or customize the configuration –When testing a trunk port for example, you can identify a VLAN ID, turn on 802.1Q VLAN tagging and override the default 802.1Q priority setting –You can override the Type of Service (TOS) IP Precedence and DSCP parameter –You can also control the time it takes to complete a test by adjusting the accuracy and failure thresholds.

52. 52 Maximize efficiency and timesavings Select multiple target devices for each RFC 2544 test to maximize testing efficiency and timesavings –Add the same target device, with differing test configurations, multiple times to the same test to see how traffic differences affect link performance –Add different target devices to the same test to measure multiple links within your network –Devices and configurations can vary by test –Once you construct your test suite, click the Start button once to commence testing to all device Main Remote Network

53. 53 Save, print, email or store test results Tests run in both upstream and downstream directions, saving time by eliminating the need to physically swap source and target devices You can view the results by device and by test See test results in table view or graph view mode Save, print, email and store the results to document link performance.

54. 54 ITO Traffic Generator Use a single EtherScope to generate traffic up to full line rate at 10/100/1000 Mbps speeds Simulate the addition of new users on a segment by generating broadcast, multicast or unicast traffic Select the frame type and size and the test duration. can also access from Tools

55. Introduction to EtherScope WLAN 802.11a/b/g wireless LAN analysis

56. 56 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN Need to verify device configurations Can’t connect or login Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) WLAN isn’t documented

57. 57 Discovering the types of wireless networks click “Network Discovery” Four network types are discovered –an infrastructure network is comprised of systems and mobile clients connected through an Access Point (AP) which is connected to wired Ethernet network. Most common type. –an adhoc network is comprised of mobile clients transmitting directly to any other; No AP needed –a bridge network is comprised of two APs or dedicated 802.11 bridges that communicate to provide link between two physically separate networks –a IP subnet is comprised of WLAN devices for which IP addresses have been discovered including EtherScopes

58. 58 Network discovery Click Details to see the wireless network hierarchy discovered by EtherScope at its present physical location insert screen shot of Network Discovery details

59. 59 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations Can’t connect or login Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) WLAN isn’t documented

60. 60 Discovering who is using the network Click “Device Discovery” then “Details” see the number of devices on the network by type an access point is the “connecting” point used to coordinate wireless traffic and provide connectivity to the LAN. a bridge node is a device that provide a wireless connection between wired networks. This feature can be built into Access Points. a mobile client is an end point or node on the wireless network. These are typically general purpose computers but might also include other dedicated wireless devices. an adhoc client is a node that comprises a peer-to-peer network that requires no access point. a host is a special category that only includes This EtherScope.

61. 61 Device discovery Click Details to see a comprehensive list and summary device information insert screen shot of Device Discovery details

62. 62 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations –feature: Device Discovery Details Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) Can’t connect or login WLAN isn’t documented

63. 63 Configuration information presented SSID is Service Set ID. Typically, the wireless network comprised of an AP and wireless stations is given an SSID name. This uniquely identifies a WLAN and is used when configuring security options. MAC is a medium access control address. 802.11 devices have unique MAC addresses that are used to identify devices. Channel is a common frequency used to direct communication between an 802.11 radio card and an access point. Signal is the transmission of 802.11 frames by radiating RF energy at a given strength. The stronger the signal the better the coverage and connection. Noise is unwanted, interfering RF energy that disrupt normal system operations. Noise level impacts connectivity and performance. Security represents the level of 802.11 packet encryption and network authentication for which a device is configured.

64. 64 See traffic summary information by device Select a device –packets are units by which 802.11 traffic is transported. –broadcasts are packets sent to all station on a network (SSID). –(packet) retries are sent when a receiving station fails to acknowledge a packet

65. 65 See device detail overview Highlight a device and click Details See detailed configuration information and options for additional troubleshooting tools and tests

66. 66 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations –feature: Device Discovery Details Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) –feature: Channel statistics Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) Can’t connect or login WLAN isn’t documented

67. 67 Troubleshooting wireless LAN performance and connectivity issues A common measure of wireless network performance is speed, typically expressed in Mbps Speed is impacted by the transmission technology and local RF conditions Enterprise WLAN technologies: –802.11b networks operate in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band of the RF spectrum, sub-divided into 14 channels 22 MHz wide, with indoor range of ~300 feet and max throughput of 11mbps. –802.11g networks operate in the 2.4 GHz band of the RF spectrum, sub-divided into 14 channels 22MHz wide, with indoor range of ~300 feet, and max throughput of 54mbps. –802.11a networks operating in the 5 GHz band of the RF spectrum (less contention than the 2.4 GHz band), is sub-divided into 12 non-overlapping channels 20 MHz wide, with indoor range of 60-80 feet, and max throughput of 54mpbs.

68. 68 Analyze performance and connectivity issues by examining channel statistics A channel is defined as the common frequency that is used to direct communication between an 802.11 radio card and an access point. –802.11b/g 14 channels; 11 in US Channels 1, 6, and 11 non-overlapping Uses 22MHz wide channels –802.11a 30 channels Uses 20MHz wide channels NO overlapping channels

69. 69 Channels Start wireless LAN performance analysis by looking at channel usage Click on Channels – Details then select the “Total Utilization %” channel metric

70. 70 Channels Next look at coverage –indication of signal quality Click on Channels – Details then select the “Signal vs Noise dBm” metric

71. 71 Noise Non 802.11 energy (non-compliant signal strength) Get noise readings from radio card Indicates noise floor level Used to evaluate channel quality –Signal-to-Noise ratio Noise level impacts connectivity and performance Shows distribution of noise across channels Channel Quality represented by signal-to-noise ratio (rule of thumb?)

72. 72 Channels Next look at ability to successfully transmit packets Click on Channels – Details then select the “Retry %” channel metric

73. 73 Channels If you want to drill deeper on a specific channel, click on channel of interest then Details –focused on a channel, get more accurate information Same channel metrics as available via pull down box

74. 74 Channels If you want to know more about the devices on a channel, click on channel of interest then Devices

75. 75 Analyze wireless network health by examining channel utilization A channel utilization measures the % of bandwidth consumed by packets transmitted by wireless devices (Access Points, mobile clients, etc.) on a single frequency

76. 76 Channel utilization Click on Channels Utilization then Details for utilization by frame (traffic) type and protocol Protocols –data is a frame that is used to send data; contains the payload. –management is a frame used to enable stations to establish and maintain communications. –control is a frame that assist in the delivery of data frames between stations. –retries are typically sent when a receiving station fails to acknowledge a packet. –FCS errors are indications that corrupted packets have been received. –Crosstalk is an indication that packets sent on one channel have been received on another channel due to channel overlap. Frame types –unicast is a packet for transporting information directly from one point (node) to another. –multicast is a packet that contains a group address that delivers the same packet to more than one destination. –broadcast is a packet where the destination address refers to all nodes on the network. –retries are typically sent when a receiving station fails to acknowledge a packet. –FCS errors are indications that corrupted packets have been received. –Crosstalk is an indication that packets sent on one channel have been received on another channel due to channel overlap.

77. 77 Channel utilization The distribution of frames and protocols is useful to understand network health Click Packet Rates on Channel Utilization, Details

78. 78 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations –feature: Device Discovery Details Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) –feature: Channel statistics Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) –feature: Security Scan Can’t connect or login WLAN isn’t documented

79. 79 Identifying security vulnerabilities Security threats are identified two ways –unprotected devices are not using encryption to manage connections unprotected devices can be a path into your network –unauthorized devices are not approved by the IT manager to be on the network EtherScope assumes all devices are unauthorized until made otherwise

80. 80 Unprotected devices Click Security Scan and the Unprotected hyperlink

81. 81 Locating unprotected devices Highlight the device of interest then click Details Click the Locate hyperlink

82. 82 Locating methods Convergence method –Use common omni-directional antenna –Divide search area into quadrants –Measure signal strength in each corner –Move to corner with highest power –Repeat until found Vector method –Use uni-directional antenna –Divide search area into quadrants –From center, measure signal strength every 90° –Move to quadrant with highest power –Repeat until found

83. 83 Unauthorized devices Click Security Scan and the Unauthorized hyperlink –same Location feature to find devices insert screen shot of security scan unauthorized devices

84. 84 Authorizing devices Click Instrument Settings – Authorization to change the current level of authorization –select devices individually or by level –change to authorized, unauthorized or neighbor remember to Apply!

85. 85 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations –feature: Device Discovery Details Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) –feature: Channel statistics Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) –feature: Security Scan Can’t connect or login –feature: Login Diagnosis WLAN isn’t documented

86. 86 Diagnosing client login problems If a client is unable to login, you can observe the login process to see where the process fails –Click Device Discovery, Details, Mobile Clients then highlight the client (with ES physically near) –Click Details, Login Diagnosis and Start –Attempt a client login Insert screen shot and emphasize key points

87. 87 What are the problems with wireless networks Don’t know what network types are active –feature: Network Discovery Don’t know who is using the WLAN –feature: Device Discovery Need to verify device configurations –feature: Device Discovery Details Not getting the expected performance (“too slow”) –feature: Channel statistics Security concerns (e.g. rogue clients) –feature: Security Scan Can’t connect or login –feature: Login Diagnosis WLAN isn’t documented –feature: Reports

88. Additional EtherScope WLAN Features

89. 89 Other wireless LAN features Problem log Survey site changes Monitoring key devices Top talkers Using network maintenance tools Configuring your EtherScope

90. 90 Detecting problems EtherScope automatically identifies potential problems and lists them by severity Problem identification is threshold- based –click Wireless Instrument Settings – Wireless Problems

91. 91 Survey site changes Select a location from which to periodically survey the WLAN –click Site Survey, Details, edit Location then Save –survey data includes APs, channels, error and retry rates, utilization, signal and noise measurements Go back to that location at a future date and recall the Previous Survey –Differences will be highlighted in red

92. 92 Monitoring key devices Select any discovered device with an IP address Click Key Devices, Details, then select device(s) from the pull down menu insert screen shot of key devices, details

93. 93 Learn who is hogging network bandwidth Click on Channels Top Talkers – Details Isolate where the problem is by filtering on channel, network

94. 94 What’s a network manager to do? What does a network manager do if EtherScope uncovers a performance or connectivity problem? –minimize congestion and/or interference by load-balancing channels APs and clients –improve coverage by adding APs –alter the RF environment remove interferers re-position APs, office equipment, walls

95. 95 Network maintenance tools EtherScope contains many tools to help in configuring and maintaining the WLAN

96. 96 Tools – Connectivity Testing Ping –Easy method for verifying IP-level connectivity between EtherScope and another device –Sends packets to a device to see if it sends a return or an 'echo.' If all the packets 'timeout' the device may be disconnected from the network or at least unreachable –Launched from within EtherScope application; results displayed on EtherScope Console –Can run multiple sessions Trace Route –Used to determine the IP path a packet uses to reach a device. It shows the number of hops and the IP addresses of devices along the path to a destination host –Launched from within EtherScope application; results displayed on EtherScope Console –Can run multiple sessions

97. 97 Tools – Infrastructure Configuration Web browser –Uses Konqueror as the browser; more limited than multi-purpose Internet Explorer or NetScape –Used to remotely access an infrastructure device web interface for checking and changing configuration –Used to access web sites for knowledge base information Telnet/Secure Telnet –Used to remotely access an infrastructure device command line interface for checking and changing configuration –Opens a telnet session –Secure Telnet offers more security before access a device console via an additional login Terminal –Allows EtherScope to be used as an ASCII terminal (terminal emulation) –Connect to infrastructure device and EtherScope via a serial cable; opens a terminal window –Used to initially configure a switch (e.g., set IP settings, passwords, enable SNMP)

98. 98 Tools – Infrastructure maintenance FTP/TFTP –File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a common means used to move files between devices –Used to transfer configuration and user files to and from EtherScope –Trivial File Transfer Protocol is a simple version of FTP used by most infrastructure venders to “put” configuration files and new operating system version onto switches and routers –Files can be “put” on EtherScope and then used to update a switch or router configuration or version of code –User configuration files can be stored on a compact flash card

99. 99 Configurations (Wireless Instrument Settings) TCP/IP Connection Log provides an unique view into the WLAN connection process. insert screen shot of connection log

100. 100 Configurations (Wireless Instrument Settings) Wireless Security is where you set the SSID that EtherScope will use to establish link Depending upon the security authentication type you may have to enter additional keys, user names, passwords or certificates

101. 101 Configurations (Wireless Instrument Settings) Click Radio to set the Country, Active Bands, Transmit Settings and Signal measurement units You can also apply signal strength corrections –using corrections you can have the EtherScope WLAN card emulate the RF characteristics of other WLAN cards

102. 102 Tools for network maintenance Only available in LAN mode Trace Switch Route Traffic Generator SSH Telnet CDP Port Reporter

103. 103 Tools Trace Switch Route (TSR) –Used for troubleshooting connectivity –Determines the MAC data path between EtherScope and another device including the starting and ending device and any switches along the path –SNMP community strings must be configured for TSR use –Switches must be discovered (or user added) for TSR to work properly Traffic Generator –Optional application that is used to generate synthetic traffic –Used to test the performance of a network by creating various network loads (high utilization, simulate large number of users) –Can enable a password to protect the inexperienced user from creating serious network problems

104. 104 Tools CDP Port Reporter –Utility that provides quick reporting of switch name, address, port identification –Provides above information from point where EtherScope is connected to the LAN –Cisco Discovery Protocol is used as the basis discovering; does not require SNMP to be enabled –Designed to work in homogeneous environments –Launched from within EtherScope application; runs and reports results from EtherScope console

105. 105 Channel metric definitions Signal Strength - the average signal strength of all detected frames. Error, crosstalk and probe request frames are not included. Display of dBm or percent values configured globally via Radio Settings. Noise - the average channel noise value when any frame is detected (including error, crosstalk and probe request frames). Signal vs Noise - Signal strength value displayed on top along with the noise value on the bottom. Signal to Noise Ratio - a measure of average signal strength relative to average noise. The ratio is always displayed in dBm. Good Packet Rate - The number of good frames detected. Error, crosstalk or retry frames are not included. Error Packet Rate - The number of frames not received intact. Crosstalk or retry frames are not included. Retry Packet Rate - The number of retransmitted frames detected. Error and crosstalk frames are not checked for retry status. Crosstalk Packet Rate - The number of frames detected on a channel that were actually transmitted on a different channel. A frame must be received error free to be identified as crosstalk. Good Octet Rate - The number of good frame octets detected. Error Octet Rate - The number of frame octets not received intact. Retry Octet Rate - The number of retransmitted frame octets detected. Crosstalk Octet Rate - The number of frame octets detected on a channel that were actually transmitted on a different channel. Total Utilization % - The percentage of the channel's bandwidth that is being utilized by all frame transmissions. Retry % - The percentage of all detected frames on the channel that are retransmission frames. Crosstalk % - The percentage of all detected frames on the channel that were actually transmitted on a different channel. Note: in Channels mode, these values are computed and updated for each channel scan period. In Channel mode, these values are computed and updated once a second.

106. RFC 2544 Testing

107. 107 Service Level Agreement (SLA) A contract between a network service provider and a customer that specifies, usually in measurable terms, services the network service provider will furnish A service level agreement would typically contain the following information: –A description of the nature of service to be provided –The expected performance level of the service, specifically its reliability and responsiveness –The procedure for reporting problems with the service –The time-frame for response and problem resolution –The process for monitoring and reporting the service level –he consequences for the service provider not meeting its obligations –Escape clauses and constraints

108. 108 SLA and expected performance Performance metrics quantify end-user visible perceptions of service performance Typical performance metrics specified within a SLA –Throughput The maximum rate at which data can be transported from source to destination with zero lost frames –Latency The total time it takes for a frame to travel from source to destination. The context for a relevant latency test is while the link is under load. The network needs to be able to deliver specified latency at specified utilization. RFC 2544 clearly states you have to do this test under the full throughput load –Frame loss  Test determines the percentage of frames that left the source but never reached the destination. RFC 2544 recommends starting Frame Loss Rate tests at 100%, then stepping down to the next rate to test for lost frames. A successful test is defined by two consecutive tests without frame loss. Some frame loss rate tests waste time because they aren’t designed to terminate the test once this loss rate has been located.

109. 109 RFC 2544 testing IETF RFC 2544 “discusses and defines a number of tests that may be used to describe the performance characteristics of a network interconnecting device.” The RFC 2544 guidelines provide a standard testing methodology RFC 2544 is optimized for testing single routing devices in a laboratory environment Not all the tests are applicable for providers installing or troubleshooting Ethernet-based IP on active WAN links 3 of the 6 tests specified by RFC 2544 are really necessary to characterize performance in an Internet environment –Throughput –Latency –Frame Loss Rate

110. 110 RFC 2544 tests While the RFC provides testing guidelines, implementations differ by solution provider Advantages of EtherScope’s implementation of RFC 2544 –Control over test configurations for predictability User-defined parameters allow for tradeoffs between accuracy and test duration Adaptive algorithms speed time to derive results –Custom test suites for test automation Fully characterize a single link by running multiple tests with varying parameters Test multiple links from a single destination using multiple EtherScope remotes Construct a test suite, click Start and all tests run automatically –Accuracy for precise measurements Latency measured with microsecond accuracy Useful when characterizing single device performance –Reports to document result

111. 111 RFC 2544 step by step 1. Define which test(s) to run 2. Add device(s) (aka ES remotes) 3. Configure tests 4. Run tests (as one complete suite) 5. Save results (graphs too)

112. 112 RFC 2544 step by step 1.Define which test(s) to run

113. 113 RFC 2544 step by step 2.Add device(s) (aka ES remotes) Can differ by test Same device multiple times with different configurations Multiple devices to test several links EtherScope Main EtherScope R2 EtherScope R1

114. 114 RFC 2544 step by step 3.Configure tests –Adjust parameters to tradeoff accuracy for quicker test completion –Adjust parameters (like CoS priority and IP TOS parameter) to observe performance differences

115. 115 RFC 2544 step by step 4.Run tests (as one complete suite)

116. 116 RFC 2544 step by step 5.Save results (graphs too)

117. 117 RFC 2544 versus ITO EtherScope v3 features both RFC 2544 tests and ITO tests RFC 2544 tests – use to fully characterize link performance –Throughput [maximum rate at which none of the transmitted frames are dropped] –Latency [total time it takes for a frame to travel from source to destination] –Frame loss [percentage for frames lost throughout the range of test rates, starting at max rate and stepping down until rate with no lost frames is reached] ITO tests – use to quickly verify the throughput of a link –Throughput [measure frame loss at a user defined rate] –Traffic generator [generate network traffic, use to create different loads to test performance]