1. US-LHC Activities in AD Tanaji Sen

2. Overview Overview The LHC The LHC US-LHC Construction Project US-LHC Construction Project US-LARP Goals and Activities US-LARP Goals and Activities Accelerator Physics Accelerator Physics Instrumentation Instrumentation Beam Commissioning Beam Commissioning LHC@FNAL LHC@FNAL The wise speak only of what they know Gandalf, Lord of the Rings

3. LHC LHC Control Room

4. Key Parameters TevatronLHC Injection Energy Top Energy Particles/bunch # of bunches Trans. Emitt(95%) Beam current (p) Stored energy/beam Peak Luminosity Peak Luminosity 150 GeV 980 GeV 980 GeV 2.7 x 10 11 2.7 x 10 11 36 36 20 mm-mrad 20 mm-mrad 0.074 A 0.074 A 1.5 MJ 1.5 MJ 1.7 x 10 32 1.7 x 10 32 450 GeV 7000 GeV 1.15 x 10 11 1.15 x 10 11 2808 2808 22.5 mm-mrad 22.5 mm-mrad 0.584 A 0.584 A 362 MJ 362 MJ 1 x 10 34 1 x 10 34

5. US-LHC Construction Project Interaction Region Quads (FNAL) Interaction Region Quads (FNAL) Interaction Region Dipoles (BNL) Interaction Region Dipoles (BNL) Interaction Region Cryogenic Feedboxes (LBL) Interaction Region Cryogenic Feedboxes (LBL) Interaction Region Absorbers (LBL) Interaction Region Absorbers (LBL) Accelerator Physics (FNAL, BNL, LBL) Accelerator Physics (FNAL, BNL, LBL) - related to IR designs and magnets - related to IR designs and magnets - ecloud, noise effects - ecloud, noise effects Last magnets to be delivered in 2006

6. LHC IR Quads at FNAL KEKCERN MQXA MQXB MQXA CORRCORR CORRCORR CORRCORR CORRCORR “Q3”“Q2”“Q1” TASTAS FNAL DFBX MBXA “D1” LBNLBNL FNAL quads To IP 1 st IR quad ready for shipment in May 2004  FNAL is delivering 18 IR quads to the LHC  All IR quads (FNAL, KEK) are cryostatted at FNAL and shipped from here  Last quad to be shipped in late 2006.

7. FNAL quads installed in IR8 Courtesy: J. Kerby Mission Accomplished ?

8. US- LARP Goals – stated by J. Strait (2002) Goals – stated by J. Strait (2002) Extend and improve the performance of the LHC so as to maximize its scientific output in support of US-CMS and US-ATLAS Extend and improve the performance of the LHC so as to maximize its scientific output in support of US-CMS and US-ATLAS Maintain and develop the US labs capabilities so that the US can be the leader in the next generation of hadron colliders. Maintain and develop the US labs capabilities so that the US can be the leader in the next generation of hadron colliders. Serve as a vehicle for US accelerator physicists to pursue their research Serve as a vehicle for US accelerator physicists to pursue their research Train future generations of accelerator physicists. Train future generations of accelerator physicists. It is the next step in international cooperation on large accelerators. It is the next step in international cooperation on large accelerators. Fermilab has been appointed the “Host Laboratory” to lead this program.

9. US LARP Institutions Two main areas: High field magnets High field magnets Accelerator systems Accelerator systems Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation, Collimation, Commissioning (beam & hardware) Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation, Collimation, Commissioning (beam & hardware) High field magnets: BNL, FNAL, LBL High field magnets: BNL, FNAL, LBL Accelerator Physics: BNL, FNAL, LBL Accelerator Physics: BNL, FNAL, LBL Instrumentation: BNL, FNAL, LBL, UT Austin Instrumentation: BNL, FNAL, LBL, UT Austin Collimation: SLAC Collimation: SLAC Commissioning: BNL, FNAL, LBL Commissioning: BNL, FNAL, LBL

10. US-LARP Goals Accelerator Physics and Experiments Accelerator Physics and Experiments - understand performance limitations of current IRs and develop new designs - understand performance limitations of current IRs and develop new designs - Beam dynamics calculations and related experiments - Beam dynamics calculations and related experiments Develop high performance magnets for new higher luminosity IRs Develop high performance magnets for new higher luminosity IRs - large-aperture, high gradient quadrupoles using Nb 3 Sn - large-aperture, high gradient quadrupoles using Nb 3 Sn - high field beam separation dipoles and strong correctors - high field beam separation dipoles and strong correctors Develop advanced beam diagnostics and instrumentation Develop advanced beam diagnostics and instrumentation - luminosity monitor, tune feedback, Schottky monitor, rotatable collimators - luminosity monitor, tune feedback, Schottky monitor, rotatable collimators - other systems as needed for improving LHC performance - other systems as needed for improving LHC performance Commissioning Commissioning - participate in the sector test and LHC beam commissioning - participate in the sector test and LHC beam commissioning - commission hardware delivered by the US - commission hardware delivered by the US

11. IR Upgrade IR Upgrade

12. Luminosity and IR upgrade Luminosity and IR upgrade An IR upgrade is a straightforward way to increase the luminosity – by a factor of 2-3 An IR upgrade is a straightforward way to increase the luminosity – by a factor of 2-3 It must also deal with higher beam currents and 10 times larger debris power at L=10 35 cm -2 s -1 It must also deal with higher beam currents and 10 times larger debris power at L=10 35 cm -2 s -1 Several optics design issues Several optics design issues ~50% of LARP effort is in IR magnet design ~50% of LARP effort is in IR magnet design A luminosity upgrade will be required around ~2015 to keep the LHC physics program productive. J. Strait

13. Quadrupoles 1 st option Advantages Allows smaller β*, minimizes aberrations. Allows smaller β*, minimizes aberrations. Lower accumulation of charged particle debris from the IP. Lower accumulation of charged particle debris from the IP. Operational experience from the first years of running. Operational experience from the first years of running.Disadvantages More parasitic beam-beam interactions. More parasitic beam-beam interactions. Crossing angle has to increase as 1/√β* Crossing angle has to increase as 1/√β* IR correction systems act on both beams simultaneously IR correction systems act on both beams simultaneously Baseline Design

14. Dipoles 1 st – 2 options Dipoles 1 st – 2 optionsAdvantages Fewer parasitic interactions. Fewer parasitic interactions. Correction systems act on single beams. Correction systems act on single beams. No feed-down effects in the quads No feed-down effects in the quadsDisadvantages Large energy deposition in the Large energy deposition in the dipoles. dipoles. Beta functions are larger → Beta functions are larger → increases aberrations. increases aberrations. Longer R&D time for dipoles Longer R&D time for dipoles Longer commissioning time Longer commissioning time after the upgrade. after the upgrade. Triplets Doublets

15. Optics Solutions Optics Solutions Quads first Dipoles first: tripletsDipoles first: doublets β Max = 9 km β Max = 27 km β Max = 25 km LARP magnet program aims to build 15T pole tip fields J. Johnstone, TS

16. IR Design Issues → Luminosity Reach  Requirements on magnet fields and apertures  Optically matched designs at all stages  Energy deposition  Beam-beam interactions  Chromaticity and non-linear correctors, field quality  Dispersion correction  Susceptibility to noise, misalignment, ground motion; emittance growth  Closest approach of magnets to the IP (L*)  Impact of Nb3Sn magnets, e.g flux jumps R&D time required to develop the most critical hardware and to integrate it in the LHC  R&D time required to develop the most critical hardware and to integrate it in the LHC ….. All need to be considered in defining the luminosity reach

17. Towards a Reference Baseline Design Proposal by F. Ruggiero (CERN) “Define a Baseline, i.e. a forward looking configuration which we are reasonably confident can achieve the required LHC luminosity performance and can be used to give an accurate cost estimate by mid-end 2006 in a Reference Design Report “Define a Baseline, i.e. a forward looking configuration which we are reasonably confident can achieve the required LHC luminosity performance and can be used to give an accurate cost estimate by mid-end 2006 in a Reference Design Report Identify Alternative Configurations Identify Alternative Configurations Identify R&D to Identify R&D to - support the baseline - support the baseline - develop the alternatives” - develop the alternatives” Separately, the LARP magnet program has been tasked to deliver a working prototype of a Nb3Sn quadrupole by 2009.

18. Wire Compensation of beam-beam interactions Wire Compensation of beam-beam interactions

19. Long-range interactions Long-range beam-beam interactions are expected to affect LHC performance – based on Tevatron observations and LHC simulations Long-range beam-beam interactions are expected to affect LHC performance – based on Tevatron observations and LHC simulations Wire compensator is proposed to mitigate their impact Wire compensator is proposed to mitigate their impact RHIC has a 2 ring layout like the LHC – can be used to test the principle RHIC has a 2 ring layout like the LHC – can be used to test the principle Difference in kicks between a round beam and a wire < 1% beyond 3 sigma

20. Wire compensation in RHIC and LHC RHIC LHC Location of wire compensators Installation in Summer 2006 IP6 Reserved for wire compensators IP To be installed if required to improve performance. Feasibility would determine upgrade path

21. RHIC beam-beam experiments Motivation for experiments: Test of wire compensation in 2007 Motivation for experiments: Test of wire compensation in 2007 Determine if a single parasitic causes beam losses that need to be compensated Determine if a single parasitic causes beam losses that need to be compensated Experiments in 2005 and 2006 Experiments in 2005 and 2006 Remote participation at FNAL via logbook Remote participation at FNAL via logbook Motivation for simulations: Tests and improvements of codes, predictions of observations in 2006 and of wire compensation Motivation for simulations: Tests and improvements of codes, predictions of observations in 2006 and of wire compensation Several groups: FNAL, SLAC, LBL, University of Kansas Several groups: FNAL, SLAC, LBL, University of Kansas (coordinated at FNAL) (coordinated at FNAL) Website: http://www-ap.fnal.gov/~tsen/RHIC Website: http://www-ap.fnal.gov/~tsen/RHIChttp://www-ap.fnal.gov/~tsen/RHIC

22. Beam-beam Experiments and Simulations (2006) Simulated lifetimes show a linear dependence on the beam separation  Beam lifetime responds to vertical separation but vertical separation  4σ (1st study – April 5th, 2006)  4 studies in all (April-May) to explore larger separations and tune space  Analysis to find dependence on beam separation in progress FNAL Simulations V. Ranjbar, TS

23. Wire Compensator in RHIC 1 unit in each ring 1 unit in each ring 2.5m long 2.5m long Currents between 3.8 – 50 A Currents between 3.8 – 50 A Vertically movable over 65mm Vertically movable over 65mm Install in Summer 2006 Install in Summer 2006

24. Pulsed Wires Pulsed Wires Required for bunch to bunch compensation – PACMAN bunches Required for bunch to bunch compensation – PACMAN bunches Challenges are the high pulse rate and turn to turn stability tolerances Challenges are the high pulse rate and turn to turn stability tolerancesStrength Pulse rate 120 A-m 439 kHz Turn to turn amplitude stability Turn to turn timing stability 10 -4 0.04 nsec Open Design Challenge LHC bunch pattern Pulse pattern

25. Energy Deposition Energy Deposition

26. Energy deposition Primary source of radiation in the IR magnets: pp collisions, ~ Luminosity Primary source of radiation in the IR magnets: pp collisions, ~ Luminosity Tevatron: debris power ~ 2 W Tevatron: debris power ~ 2 W LHC at 10 35 cm -2 s -1, debris power ~ 9kW LHC at 10 35 cm -2 s -1, debris power ~ 9kW Energy deposition is viewed as the major constraint on the IR upgrade Energy deposition is viewed as the major constraint on the IR upgrade Could be key in deciding between quads first or dipoles first. Could be key in deciding between quads first or dipoles first. Other sources include operational beam losses (e.g. beam gas scattering) and accidental losses (e.g. misfiring of abort kickers) Other sources include operational beam losses (e.g. beam gas scattering) and accidental losses (e.g. misfiring of abort kickers)

27. Energy Deposition Issues & Constraints Quench stability → Peak power density Quench stability → Peak power density Require E peak to be below the quench limit by a factor of 3 Require E peak to be below the quench limit by a factor of 3 Magnet lifetime → peak radiation dose and lifetime limits for various materials Magnet lifetime → peak radiation dose and lifetime limits for various materials Baseline LHC: expect lifetime ~ 7 years for IR magnets Baseline LHC: expect lifetime ~ 7 years for IR magnets Upgrade LHC: requires new radiation hard materials Upgrade LHC: requires new radiation hard materials Dynamic heat loads → Power dissipation and cryogenic implications Dynamic heat loads → Power dissipation and cryogenic implications Require heat load < 10 W/m Require heat load < 10 W/m Residual dose rates → hands on maintenance Residual dose rates → hands on maintenance Require residual dose rates < 0.1 mSv/hr Require residual dose rates < 0.1 mSv/hr  Dedicated system of charged particle and neutral absorbers in the IRs

28. Energy Deposition: Open Mid-plane Dipole Energy Deposition: Open Mid-plane Dipole   ED issues constrain the dipole design to have no coils in the mid-plane Ε peak in SC coils ~0.4mW/g, below the quench limit Estimated lifetime based on displacements per atom is ~10 years   Dipole design will require significant R&D, further LARP design work postponed R. Gupta (BNL) N. Mokhov

29. Quadrupole first design Quadrupole first design Without mitigation, E peak > 4 mW/g. Target value is ~1.7mW/g Mitigation by thick inner liner Stainless steel liners are not adequate Thick Tungsten- Rhenium liner reduces E peak ~ 1.2 mW/g I. Rakhno

30. Tertiary Collimators Designed to protect the detector and IR components from operational and accidental beam losses Designed to protect the detector and IR components from operational and accidental beam losses N. Mokhov Similar collimator used at A48 in the Tevatron to protect against abort kicker misfire For the LHC propose 1m long Tungsten or Copper collimator upstream of neutral absorber To IP

31. LHC Injector

32. LHC Injector in the LHC tunnel Injector will accelerate beams from 0.45TeV to ~1.5TeV Injector will accelerate beams from 0.45TeV to ~1.5TeV - Field quality of LHC better at 1.5GeV - Field quality of LHC better at 1.5GeV - Space charge effects lower, may allow - Space charge effects lower, may allow higher intensity bunches higher intensity bunches - Could allow easier transition to LHC doubler - Could allow easier transition to LHC doubler The injector will be installed in the LHC tunnel during scheduled LHC shutdowns The injector will be installed in the LHC tunnel during scheduled LHC shutdowns Return to the standard SPS injection into the LHC will be possible Return to the standard SPS injection into the LHC will be possible The main magnets will be the type of super-ferric combined function magnets proposed for the VLHC I. The main magnets will be the type of super-ferric combined function magnets proposed for the VLHC I. H. Piekarz (TD)

33. LHC Injector (LER) VLHC low-field magnet VLHC low-field magnet 0.6 T (injection) → 1.6 T 0.6 T (injection) → 1.6 T Vertical distance between LER and LHC beams is 1.35m

34. Beam Transfer Fast pulsing magnets (PM) have to be turned off within 3 micro- secs after LHC is filled. Fast pulsing magnets (PM) have to be turned off within 3 micro- secs after LHC is filled. CERN Workshop October 2006 CERN Workshop October 2006 --- what is not surrounded by uncertainty cannot be the truth R.P. Feynman Sequence: SPS-> Injector -> LHC

35. Instrumentation  Schottky Monitor  Tune and Chromaticity Feedback  New Initiatives

36. Schottky Monitor at the Tevatron Allows measurements of:  Tunes from peak positions  Momentum spread from average width  Beam-beam tune spread of pbars  Chromaticity from differential width  Emittance from average band power

37. Schottky Monitor Design Schottky Monitor will provide unique capabilities Schottky Monitor will provide unique capabilities –Only tune measurement during the store –Bunch-by-bunch measurement of parameters such as Tune, Chromaticity –Average measurements as well –Momentum spread & emittance Non invasive Technique Non invasive Technique Diagnosis of beam-beam effects and electron cloud Diagnosis of beam-beam effects and electron cloud R. Pasquinelli, A. Jansson 4 Monitors to be installed in the LHC, Summer 2006

38. Tune and Chromaticity feedback Goals Control the tune during the acceleration ramp to avoid beam loss Control the tune during the acceleration ramp to avoid beam loss Control the chromaticity during the snapback at start of ramp Control the chromaticity during the snapback at start of ramp PLL method: excite the beam close to the tune and observe the resonant beam transfer function PLL method: excite the beam close to the tune and observe the resonant beam transfer function Then used in a feedback system to regulate the quadrupole current and tune Then used in a feedback system to regulate the quadrupole current and tune Measurement in RHIC with tune feedback – tune changes ~ 0.001

39. Tune & chromaticity at the Tevatron The Direct Diode Detection method (3D BBQ) from CERN implemented in the Tevatron – complements tune measurements from the Schottky monitors. More sensitive than the Schottky. The Direct Diode Detection method (3D BBQ) from CERN implemented in the Tevatron – complements tune measurements from the Schottky monitors. More sensitive than the Schottky. This 3D BBQ has been used to measure the chromaticity with a method due to D. McGinnis. This 3D BBQ has been used to measure the chromaticity with a method due to D. McGinnis. Interest in implementing this method at RHIC and the SPS Interest in implementing this method at RHIC and the SPS C.Y. Tan Phase Modulation On Phase Modulation Off

40. New FNAL Initiatives - proposed AC Dipole (A. Jansson) AC Dipole (A. Jansson) Electron lens compensation of head-on interactions (V. Shiltsev) Electron lens compensation of head-on interactions (V. Shiltsev) Crystal collimation (N. Mokhov) Crystal collimation (N. Mokhov) Measure field fluctuations in magnets (V. Shiltsev) Measure field fluctuations in magnets (V. Shiltsev)

41. Commissioning  LHC Plans  LARP involvement  LHC@FNAL

42. LHC Commissioning Plan I. Pilot physics run First collisions 43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate intensities Push performance (156 bunches, partial squeeze in 1 and 5, push intensity) Performance limit 10 32 cm -2 s -1 (event pileup) II. 75ns operation Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensities Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle) Push squeeze and crossing angle Performance limit 10 33 cm -2 s -1 (event pileup) III. 25ns operation I Nominal crossing angle Push squeeze Increase intensity to 50% nominal Performance limit 2 10 33 cm -2 s -1 IV. 25ns operation II Push towards nominal performance Stage IIIIVIII No beam Beam R. Bailey (CERN)

43. Beam Instrumentation – R.Garoby, R.Jones Activity Responsible Other CERNLARP Screens E.Bravin A.Guerrero H.Burkhardt (AP) G.Arduini (AP) BCT P.Odier D.Belohrad M.Ludwig H.Burkhardt (AP) J.Jowett (AP) BPM and orbit R.Jones L.Jensen J.Wenninger (OP) W.Herr (AP) I.Papaphilippou (AP) BLM B.Dehning E.Holzer S.Jackson R.Assmann (AP) H.Burkhardt (AP) B.Jeanneret (AP) S.Gilardoni (AP) PLL for Q, Q ’, C R.Jones M.Gasior P.Karlsson S.Fartoukh (AP) O.Berrig (AP) J.Wenninger (OP) X Profile monitors S.Hutchins J.Koopman A.Guerrero H.Burkhardt (AP) S.Gilardoni (AP) M.Giovannozzi (AP)X Schottky monitors F.Caspers (RF) R.Jones S.Bart-Pedersen E.Metral (AP) C.Carli (AP) F.Zimmermann (AP) X Luminosity monitors E.Bravin S.Bart-Pedersen R.Assmann (AP) F.Zimmermann (AP) X

44. Expression of Interest Form Please respond to Elvin Harms by June 1 st Please respond to Elvin Harms by June 1 st In anticipation of LHC- related studies using the SPS in the coming months and commissioning next year, LARP is soliciting interest for involvement in same. http://larp.fnal.gov/comm issioningForm.html is the link for you to register your interest in being part of this effort.

45. SPS studies – test LHC issues LHC collimator tests LHC collimator tests LSS6 commissioning LSS6 commissioning TI8 extraction test TI8 extraction test LSS4/LSS6 interleaved LSS4/LSS6 interleaved LHC beam lifetime LHC beam lifetime LHC orbit feedback LHC orbit feedback BBLR – beam-beam compensation BBLR – beam-beam compensation LHC BLM tests in the PSB LHC BLM tests in the PSB --- sample of studies planned --- sample of studies planned From G. Arduini (CERN) From G. Arduini (CERN)

46. LARP plans for Beam Commissioning  Refining areas of involvement, identifying CERN counterparts ~15 people signed up (across all 4 labs)  LARP presence during SPS run in Summer ’06 3 FNAL people participating, room for a few more  Sector test presence planned About 2 weeks, late 2006 – early 2007  Software effort In support of instruments and control room here  Planning for long-term visits during LHC commissioning E. Harms

47. What is LHC@FNAL? A Place A Place That provides access to information in a manner that is similar to what is available in control rooms at CERNThat provides access to information in a manner that is similar to what is available in control rooms at CERN Where members of the LHC community can participate remotely in CMS and LHC activitiesWhere members of the LHC community can participate remotely in CMS and LHC activities A Communications Conduit A Communications Conduit Between CERN and members of the LHC community located in North AmericaBetween CERN and members of the LHC community located in North America LARP use: Training before visiting CERN, Participating in Machine Studies, Analysis of performance, “Service after the Sale” of US deliverablesLARP use: Training before visiting CERN, Participating in Machine Studies, Analysis of performance, “Service after the Sale” of US deliverables An Outreach tool An Outreach tool Visitors will be able to see current LHC activitiesVisitors will be able to see current LHC activities Visitors will be able to see how future international projects in particle physics can benefit from active participation in projects at remote locations.Visitors will be able to see how future international projects in particle physics can benefit from active participation in projects at remote locations. Planned Opening in September 2006 E. Gottschalk

48. LHC@FNAL LHC@FNAL You can observe a lot just by watching Yogi Berra

49. Control Room at CERN Started operation on Feb 1, 2006 13 operators on shift + experts

50. LHC Challenges Machine protection Machine protection Quench protection e.g at 7 TeV, fast losses < 0.0005% bunch intensity Quench protection e.g at 7 TeV, fast losses < 0.0005% bunch intensity Collimation (400 degrees of freedom!) Collimation (400 degrees of freedom!) Controlling 2808 bunches Controlling 2808 bunches Snapback and ramp Snapback and ramp ΔQ’ (snapback) ~ 90, ΔQ’ (snapback) ~ 90, ΔQ’ (ramp & squeeze) ~ 320 ΔQ’ (ramp & squeeze) ~ 320 ----- -----

51. Summary of LARP activities Optics design of IR upgrade Optics design of IR upgrade Energy deposition calculations in IR magnets Energy deposition calculations in IR magnets Design of tertiary collimators Design of tertiary collimators Beam-beam and wire compensation experiments Beam-beam and wire compensation experiments Optics design of a proposed LHC injector Optics design of a proposed LHC injector Design of Schottky Monitor Design of Schottky Monitor Tests of tune and chromaticity tracking Tests of tune and chromaticity tracking Proposed new initiatives: AC dipole, E-lens, Crystal collimation, Field fluctuations Proposed new initiatives: AC dipole, E-lens, Crystal collimation, Field fluctuations Participation in SPS and LHC sector tests Participation in SPS and LHC sector tests LHC beam commissioning LHC beam commissioning LHC@FNAL LHC@FNAL

52. Web pages AD: larp.fnal.gov AD: larp.fnal.gov US-LARP: dms.uslarp.org US-LARP: dms.uslarp.org.uslarp.org LARP document database LARP document database larpdocs.fnal.gov larpdocs.fnal.gov FNAL-TD, BNL, LBL, SLAC also have web pages – links from the uslarp page FNAL-TD, BNL, LBL, SLAC also have web pages – links from the uslarp page E. McCrory

53. Credits Credits Accelerator Physics: J. Johnstone, N. Mokhov, I. Rakhno, V. Ranjbar Accelerator Physics: J. Johnstone, N. Mokhov, I. Rakhno, V. Ranjbar Instrumentation: A. Jansson, R. Pasquinelli, V. Shiltsev, C.Y. Tan Instrumentation: A. Jansson, R. Pasquinelli, V. Shiltsev, C.Y. Tan Commissioning: E. Harms, E. McCrory, J. Slaughter, M. Syphers Commissioning: E. Harms, E. McCrory, J. Slaughter, M. Syphers

54. Backups

55. US-LARP activities in 2006 Accelerator Physics Accelerator Physics FNAL: IR design, Beam-beam compensation, Energy deposition, tertiary collimators FNAL: IR design, Beam-beam compensation, Energy deposition, tertiary collimators BNL: Beam-beam compensation BNL: Beam-beam compensation LBL: Electron cloud LBL: Electron cloud Instrumentation Instrumentation FNAL: Schottky monitor, tune feedback FNAL: Schottky monitor, tune feedback BNL: Tune feedback BNL: Tune feedback LBL: Luminosity monitor LBL: Luminosity monitor Rotating collimators – SLAC Rotating collimators – SLAC Magnets Magnets High field quads: FNAL, BNL, LBL High field quads: FNAL, BNL, LBL Commissioning – all labs Commissioning – all labs

57. Features of Doublet Optics Features of Doublet Optics Symmetric about IP from Q1 to Q3, anti-symmetric from Q4 onwards Symmetric about IP from Q1 to Q3, anti-symmetric from Q4 onwards Q1, Q2 are identical quads, Q1T is a trim quad (125 T/m). L(Q1) = L(Q2) = 6.6 m Q1, Q2 are identical quads, Q1T is a trim quad (125 T/m). L(Q1) = L(Q2) = 6.6 m Q3 to Q6 are at positions different from baseline optics Q3 to Q6 are at positions different from baseline optics All gradients under 205 T/m All gradients under 205 T/m At collision, β* x = 0.462m, β* y = 0.135m, β* eff = 0.25m At collision, β* x = 0.462m, β* y = 0.135m, β* eff = 0.25m Same separation in units of beam size with a smaller crossing angle Φ E = √(β* R / β* E ) Φ R = 0.74 Φ R Same separation in units of beam size with a smaller crossing angle Φ E = √(β* R / β* E ) Φ R = 0.74 Φ R Luminosity gain compared to round beams Luminosity gain compared to round beams Including the hourglass factor,

58. LHC Commissioning Plan LHC Commissioning Plan Where are we ? Overall strategy OK Overall strategy OK Stage I 43 bunches Stage II75ns Stage III25ns low I Stage IV25ns high I Stage I looked at Some details behind Some details behind Need to make this into a detailed commissioning plan Best developed by the people who will implementit implement it Machine coordinators/Commissioners/EICs + Accelerator Systems Work through 2006 (suggest 20% activity) 1 Injection and First turn 2 Circulating beam, RF capture 3 450 GeV: initial commissioning 4 450 GeV: detailed measurements 5 450 GeV: 2 beams 6 Nominal cycle 7 Snapback – single beam 8 Ramp – single beam 9 Single beam at physics energy 1010 Two beams to physics energy 1Physics 1212 Commission squeeze 1313 Physics partially squeezed From R. Bailey (CERN)

59. Machine protection Metal damage Metal damage 450 GeV: 50 nominal bunches 450 GeV: 50 nominal bunches 7 TeV: 7 x 10 9, about 6% of 1 bunch 7 TeV: 7 x 10 9, about 6% of 1 bunch Quench protection Quench protection Fast losses 450 GeV: 10 9, 7TeV: 5x10 5 Fast losses 450 GeV: 10 9, 7TeV: 5x10 5 During abort 450GeV: 1.4x10 9 p/m in gap During abort 450GeV: 1.4x10 9 p/m in gap 7TeV: 2x10 6 p/m in gap 7TeV: 2x10 6 p/m in gap Collimator damage Collimator damage Fast losses 450 GeV: 260 bunches Fast losses 450 GeV: 260 bunches 7 TeV: 4 bunches 7 TeV: 4 bunches

60. LHC Sector test with beam 3.3 km of the LHC including one experiment insertion and a full arc

61. LHC@FNAL LHC@FNAL