1. ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTebi
leqcia # 15
leTili miznebiT gamsWvaluli bioteqnologia agreTve SeiZleba iqna gamoyenebuli arakeTili miznebiT maT dasaxmareblad, vinc axal iaraRs SeimuSavebs. swored amaSia sasicocxlo mecnierebebis ormagi daniSnulebis dilema.

2. 1. mimoxilva sadao kvleva maimunis yvavili poliovirusis sinTezi
slaidebi 2 - 8
maimunis yvavili
slaidebi
poliovirusis sinTezi
slaidebi 15 – 18
gripis virusi
slaidebi 19
yvavilis virusis virulentoba
slaidebi 20-21
SeniSvna: am leqciis mizania sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis mimarT finkis komitetis midgomis ufro detalurad Seswavla, da, kerZod, im sami magaliTis ganxilva, romlebic maT mohyavT sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ‘sadao kvlevebis’ sailustraciod. mocemulia bmulebi originalur statiebTan da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul zogierT sxva statiasTan. 2

3. 2. sadao kvleva (i) finkis angariSi. Tavi1
sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi dRes
“ormagi daniSnulebis” dilema
biologiuri saomari saSualebebis mokle istoria*
aSS politika da biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvenciis Seqmna
*danarTi X: biologiuri saomari saSualebebi istoriaSi
SeniSvna: finkis angariSis Sesavali Tavis pirveli nawili ayenebs Tanamedrove sasicocxlo mecnierebebis potenciuri arasworad gamoyenebis problemas ufro farTo konteqstSi, vidre es am seriis wina leqciebSia. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Tanamedrove istoria, magaliTad, mocemulia mokle danarTSi, romelic aRwers biologiuri saomari saSualebebis istorias. 3

4. 3. sadao kvleva (ii) finkis angariSi. Tavi1 (gagrZeleba) axali safrTxe
sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi “sadao kvlevebis” bolo drois magaliTebi
sasicocxlo mecnierebebis sazogadoebis pasuxi wina gamowvevebze
komitetis datvirTva da procesi
SeniSvna: finkis angariSis Sesavali Tavis meore punqti aris is, rom samecniero sazogadoebam swrafad upasuxa, rodesac warmoiSva mosazreba genis splaisingis axali teqnikis Sesaxeb da 1975 wlis asilomaris konferenciaze dawyebulma diskusiam amgvari eqsperimentebis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia saxelmZRvaneloebis seqmna msgavsi kvlevebisaTvis aSS-sa da mraval sxva qveyanaSi. amrigad, ormagi daniSnulebis problema sasicocxlo mecnierebisaTvis mTlad axali gamowveva araa. 4

5. 4. sadao kvleva (iii) sasicocxlo mecnierebebi dRes
“biologiurma mecnierebebma ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi udidesi zrda ganicada…”
“ukiduresad farTo kvleviTma saqmianobam Sedegad gamoiRo mravali axali…produqti, romlebic gardaqmnian medicinas…”
“bioteqnologiuri kvleva amJamad WeSmaritad globaluri saqmianobaa…”
“kvleviT saqmianobasTan erTad gavrceleba hpova publikaciebma da personalmac…”
SeniSvna: angariSi aRwers Tanamedrove sasicocxlo mecnierebebis kargad cnobil Tvisebebs da akeTebs fundamentur daskvnebs, romlebic momdevno slaidzea mocemuli. 5

6. 5. sadao kvleva (iv) sasicocxlo mecnierebebi dRes (gagrZeleba)
“mecnieruli codnis swrafad gavrceleba da gamoyeneba moxda kvlevis kulturis gamo, rodesac mecnierebi erTmaneTs uziareben codnasa da biologiur masalebs da xalxi advilad icvlis universitetebs, samTavrobo saagentoebs, da kerZo industrias Soris. ucxoeli studentebis da doqtorantebis didi raodenoba aris biologiuri kvleviTi saqmianobis warmatebis arsebiTi nawili. samecniero samuSao Zala sul ufro metad internacionaluri xdeba…”
SeniSvna: Tanamedrove sasicocxlo mecnierebebis didi warmateba dRes adamianebis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba, da is emyareba sistemas, romelSic adamianebi da ideebi SedarebiT Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian. moZraobis am tavisuflebis SezRudva azrs moklebuli iqneba manam, vidre ar iqneba amisaTvis mniSvnelovani mizezi. es aris konteqsti, romelSic komiteti iwyebs diskusias ormagi daniSnulebis dilemis Sesaxeb. 6

7. 6. sadao kvleva (v) ormagi daniSnulebis dilema
“ormagi daniSnulebis bioteqnologiuri kvlevis mowesrigeba aris didad sadao teqnikuri, politikuri, da sazogadoebrivi sakiTxi. SeiaraRebis kontrolisa da ganiaraRebis enaze ormagi daniSnuleba niSnavs samoqalaqo miznebiT Seqmnil teqnologiebs, romlebic aseve samxedro miznebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli…”
“…ZiriTadi sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara araswor gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Semcireba ise, rom kvlevis gagrZeleba SeiZlebodes.”
SeniSvna: komitetma samecniero samuSaoebis Riaobisa da maTi SesaZlo araswori miznebiT gamoyenebis sesaxeb gamoTqva ZiriTadi azri, rom “Given their view of the need for openness in the scientific enterprise and their recognition of the possibility of misuse the committee formulated their key concern as “SeiZleba Tu ara araswor gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Semcireba ise, rom kvlevis gagrZeleba SeiZlebodes”. es Sesavali Tavi riskebs naTels hfens biologiuri saomari saSualebebis istoriis motaniT da mokled gavcnobs biologiuri da toqsiuri iararis konvencias, vidre yuradRebas axal safrTxes mivapyrobdeT. 7

8. 7. sadao kvleva (vi) axali safrTxe
“yvela ZiriTadi teqnologia - metalurgia, asafeTqebeli saSualebebi, Sida wva, aviacia, eleqtronika, birTvuli energia – intensiurad gamoiyeneba, ara mxolod mSvidobiani miznebiT, aramed mtruliTac. bioteqnologiasac, romelic momavali saukunis upiratesi teqnologia iqneba, igive daemarTeba…?”
SeniSvna: imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT, ra ZiriTadi sekiRxva dgas dres sasicocxlo mecnierebebis winaSe, angariSSi gamoyenebulia profesor metiu mezelsonis cnobili SekiTxva. ra pasuxismgeblobebi awevs mecniers misi samuSaos arasworad gamoyenebis Tavidan asacileblad? Tuki ver moxerxdeba sasicocxlo mecnierebebis mtruli miznebiT gamoyenebis prevencia, amas seiZleba saSineli Sedegebi mohyves, rogorc mezelsoni am citatis Semdgom winadadebaSi ambobs (Semdeg slaidze). 8

9. 8. sadao kvleva (vii) axali safrTxe (gagrZeleba)
“…im saukunis ganmavlobaSi, romelic es-esaa daiwyo, Cveni SesaZleblobebi gardavqmnaT fundamenturi sasicocxlo procesebi iseT swraf winsvlas ganicdis, rom Cven SevZlebT vipovoT damatebiTi gzebi ara marto sicocxlis gardavqmnaT igi –Semecnebis, ganviTarebis, gamravlebis da Stamomavlobis procesebis CaTvliT. samyaro, romelSic es SesaZleblobebi farTod gamoiyeneba mtruli miznebiT, iqneba samyaro, romelSic Tavad konfliqtis buneba iqneba radikalurad secvlili. amdenad uprecedento SesaZleblobei Seiqmneba danaSaulebisaTvis, daSinebisaTvis, represiis an damorCilebisTvis.”
SeniSvna: amrigad, aq naTladaa mocemuli didi problema. Tuki sasicocxlo mecnierebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ZiriTadad konfliqtisaTvis, konfliqtis buneba ise seicvleba, rom arc erT Cvengans misi danaxva ar moesurveba (gaixseneT diskusia saomari saSualebebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove samyaroSi leqciidan 6). Sesavlis es seqcia Semdeg gvaZlevs komitetis mier e.w. “sadao kvlevebis” sami magaliTis ganxilvas. es is kvlevebia, romlebic keTili samoqalaqo miznebiT Catarda, magram romelTac seriozuli problemebi Seqmnes mtruli miznebiT SesaZlo gamoyenebis gamo.
p. 23 9

10. 9. maimunis yvavili (i)
“…SesaZlo bioteroristuli gamoyenebiT kvlevis gavrcelebis yvelaze aRsaniSnavi bolodroindeli SemTxevva iyo angariSi ectromelia virusis (maimunis yvavili) Stamis bioinJineriis moulodneli Sedegis Sesaxeb, romelsac daxmareba unda gaewia Tagvebis mospobaSi …. zogma igrZno, ro,m am statiis gamoqveyneba teroristebs miscems ruqas yvavilis virusis ufro virulenturi stamis bioinJineriiT Seqmnisaken, romelic gaumklavdeba adamianis imunur sistemas, maTsac ki, vinc vaqcinirebulia…”
SeniSvna: es statia kargadaa cnobili maTTvis, vinc usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze zrunavs xolo praqtikosi sasicocxlo mecnierebidan mas cota icnobs. originaluri akademiuri statia gamoqveynda JurnalSi Journal of Virology 2001 wels. studentebma is kargad unda Seiswavlon. 10

11. 10. maimunis yvavili (ii)
“statiis avtorebma miznad daisaxes SeeqmnaT infeqciuri imunokontraceptivi veluri TagvebisaTvis Tagvis ganayofierebuli kvercxujredidan aRebuli genis CarTviT ectromelia virusis genomSi. vinaidan kvercxujredis virusuli antigenis eqspresiam unayofoba ar gamoiwvia, avtorebi Seecadnen gaezardaT ectromelia virusis virulentoba im imediT, rom is imunur pasuxs gazrdida…”
SeniSvna: am samuSaos samoqalaqo mizani naTelia. imisaTvis, rom gamklavebodnen mRrRnelebis Semosevas, bunebrivad infeqciuri yvavilis virusi gardaqmnes ise, rom is kvercxis cilas warmoqmnida. imedovnebdnen, rom Sesabamis imunur pasuxs miiRebdnen, rac gamoiwvevda Tagvebis mier kvercxujredebis gamogdebas da amrigad Tavidan aicilebdnen tagvebis raodenobis matebas. 11

12. 11. maimunis yvavili (iii)
“isini daeyrdnen adre gamoqveynebul naSroms … romelSic aRwerili iyo …IL-4 genis Canergva virusul genomSi da amrigad mis mometebul eqspresias in vivo unda gaeZlierebina vaccinia virusi TagvebSi. mometebul eqspresias adgili aqvs albaT konkurentuli citokinebiT, rogoricaa IL-2… gamowveuli antivirusuli imunuri pasuxis supresiis gamo, romlebis muSaobs imunuri efeqtori ujredebis stimulirebiT da klavs virus-inficirebul ujredebs da amrigad akontrolebs virusul infeqcias.”
SeniSvna: amrigad, dagegmili iyo maimunis yvavilis ormagi modifikaciis Seqmna. pirveli, kvercxis cilis geni iyo CarTuli da rodesac man ar gamoiwvia saTanado imunuri pasuxi, IL-4 genis damatebiT moindomebs imunuri pasuxis gaZliereba. 12

13. 12. maimunis yvavili (iv)
“…Semdeg maT aCvenes, rom es Seqmnili maimunis yvavilis virusi bevrad ufro virulenturi iyo, vidre mSobeli virusi da klavda Tagvebis 60%, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Tagvebi genetikurad rezistentul Stams ganekuTvnebodnen. kidev ufro moulodneli iyo maTi dakvirveba, rom Tagvebi, romlebic vaqcinirebuli da srulad rezistentulebi iyvnen mSobeli virusis mimarT, …kvdebodnen IL-4 gen-eqspresirebuli virusisagan.”
SeniSvna: rasac ar moelodnen mecnierebi, iyo is, rom ormagad modificirebuli maimunis yvavilis virusi moklavda originaluri virusis mimarT vaqcinirebul Tagvebs. ufro metic, maT gamoiyenes sakmaod martivi teqnika, romelic statiis meTodebis nawilSi iyo aRwerili. Semdeg finkis komitetis angariSi ganixilavs akademiur literaturaSi am publikaciis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Journal of Virology –Si publikaciamde iyo ZiriTadi statia da redaqtoris werili popularul samecniero New Scientist –Si, ramac naTeli gaxada potenciuri kavSiri modificirebul maimunis yvavilTan). 13

14. 13. maimunis yvavili (v)
“zogma igrZno, ro,m am statiis gamoqveyneba teroristebs miscems ruqas yvavilis virusis ufro virulenturi stamis bioinJineriiT Seqmnisaken, romelic gaumklavdeba adamianis imunur sistemas, maTsac ki, vinc vaqcinirebulia …. iyo SeTavazeba, rom an statia ar unda gamoqveynebuliyo, an sul cota “masalebisa da meTodebis seqcia” …unda SeecvalaT an sruliad gamoetovebinaT gamoqveynebul statiaSi…”
SeniSvna: avtorebma gaiares konsultaciebi, unda SeetanaT Tu ara statia gamosaqveyneblad da redaqtorebmac miiRes rCevebi. magram statia zustad ise gamoqveynda, rogorc iqna Cabarebuli 14

15. 14. maimunis yvavili (vi) mizezebi publikaciisaTvis?
“…pirveli, codna am eqsperimentis Sesaxeb samecniero sazogadoebas saSualebas aZlevs gaigon, rogor SeiZleba ajobon amgvar genuri inJineriiT Seqmnil virusebs…”
“…meored, is gvTavazobs, rom Cven mzad unda viyoT amgvari genuri inJineriiT Seqmnil virusebiT gamowveuli infeqciebis samkurnalod, romelTac aqvT antisxeulebi, romlebic axdens Sesabamisi citokinebis inaqtivacias, gama interferoniT, romelic daamarcxebs IL-4 - s, an oriveTi…”
SeniSvna: miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom vaqcinirebuli Tagvebic ki mokla ormagad modificirebulma mainumis yvavilma, amgariSSi mocemulia mizezebi gaoqveynebis sasargeblod, rogorc am slaidzea naCvenebi. ra Tqma unda, am eqsperimentis gamorCeuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mis Sesaxeb arsebobs didZali literatura, romlis mopovebac studentebs internetSi SeuZliaT. Sesabamisobis adreuli samuSaoebis magaliTi mocemulia pirvel bmulSi Journal of Virology -Si.
Ref:
Parker, S., Touchette, E., Oberle, C., Almond, M., Robertson, A., Trost, L. C., Lampert, B., Painter, G.., and Buller, R. M.(2008) Efficacy of Therapeutic Intervention with an Oral Ether-lipid Analogue of Cidofovir (CMX001) in a Lethal Mousepox Model. Antiviral Research 77(1): Available from 15

16. 15. poliovirusis sinTezi (i)
“yimerma kolegebTan erTad moaxsena, rom maT qimiurad sinTeZirebuli oligonukleotidebidan seqmnes poliovirusi maTi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiTa da SemdgomSi ujredSi canergviT. am ambavma sainformacio saSualebebis didi yuradReba miipyro da mosaxleobis nawilSi SeSfoteba gamoiwvia….aman…mosaxleoba daafiqra bioterorizmis sesaxeb, radgan fiqrobdnen, ro uimerma teroristebs miawoda recepti virusis dasamzadeblad…”
SeniSvna: uimerma Gamoaqveyna Tavisi naSromi da aSS-Si jilexis werilebis Semdeg man imdenad didi yuradReba miiqcia, rom kongresSi specialuri gadawyvetileba miiRes.
Ref:
Cello, J., Paul, A. V., and Wimmer, E. (2002) Chemical Synthesis of Poliovirus cDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template, Science 297(5583), 1016 – Available from 16

17. 16. poliovirusis sinTezi (ii)
“mravalma mecnierma daaskvna, rom uimeris eqsperimenti arc axali aRmoCena iyo, da arc potenciur safrTxes Seicavda. zogadi principi, rom SeiZleba cocxali poliovirusis Seqmna dnm-is safuZvelze jer kidev 1981 wels iyo cnobili, rodesac baltimorma kolegebTan erTad moaxsena, rom xelsayrel pirobebSi SesaZlebelia poliovirusis genomis rnm-is dadebiT jaWvze agebuli dnm-is aslis ujredSi Canergva, da Sedegad kafsulirebuli infeqciuri virusis miReba…”
SeniSvna: finkia komitetis angariSi am samuSaos arasworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi bioterorizmia saSiSroebis SesaZleblobaSi mtlad darwmunebuli ar iyo, vinaidan es meTodi Zalian Sromatevadi iyo, da did dros moiTxovda. magram mravali adamianisaTvis, romlebic sasicocxlo mecnierebebis interesebs daukavSiron genomis sekvenirebis SesaZleblobebi genomis sinTezs ar icnoben, es samusao did siurprizs warmoadgenda. da maT kidev ufro didi siurprizi elodaT, rogorc es momdevno slaididan cans. 17

18. 17. poliovirusis sinTezi (iii)
“Cven gavaumjobeseT meTodika, da zalian SevamcireT sinTeturi oligonukleotidebisadan dnm-is 5-6 kb segmentebis zustad awyobisaTvis saWiro dro. rogorc testi am meTodikisaTvis, Cven davadgineT qimiurad sinTezirebuli oligonukleotidebis ubralo nakrebisagan baqteriofagis  X174 (5,386 bp) sruli infeqciuri genomis swrafad (14 dReSi) awyobis pirobebi …”
SeniSvna: wlis dekemberSi Science –Si gamoqveynda kreig venteris meore statia, romelSic baCvenebi iyo sinTezis bevrad ufro swrafi meTodi, xolo Nature-Si gamoqveynda jorj CerCis statia, romelSic daprogramebadi CipebiT genis sintezi. eWcgareSea, rom sinTezis sesaZleblobebi swrafad progresirebda. 18

19. 18. gripis virusi (iv)
“A gripi iwvevs swrafad gavrcelebad epidemiebs, vinaidan is adamianidan adamianze aerozolis saxiT advilad gadadis. ukanasknelma movlenebma aCvena A gripis virusis, rogorc bioteroristuli iaraRis potenciali”: hong kongSi 1997 wels gavrcelebuli A gripis virusis maRali virulentoba da helperi virusis gareSe dnm-is transfeqciiT A gripis virusis Seqmnis laboratoriuli meTodebi…”
SeniSvna: es citata moyvanilia robert krugis mier gripis biologiur iaraRad gamoyenebis sesaZl;eblobis sesaxeb statiidan. ra tamq unda, es yvelaferi cnobili gaxda mas semdeg, rac aRdgenil iqna espanuri gripis virusi (ix, momdevno leqcia).
Ref:
Krug, M. R. (2003) The Potential Use of Influenza Virus as an Agent for Bioterrorism, Antiviral Research 57,
SesaZlebelia inaxos 19

20. 19. yvavilis virusis virulentoba (i)
“Variola major virusi iwvevs yvavils, romlis sikvdiloba aris %, xolo vaccinia virusi, romelic adamianebis yvavilis winaaRmdeg vaqcinirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, imunokompetentur adamianebSi sikvdils ar iwvevs….orive viruss gaaCnia imunuri pasuxis fermentebis inhibitori - vaqcinia virusis komplementis kontrolis cila (vaccinia virus complement control protein - VCP) da yvavilis virusis komplementis kontrolis cila (smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes - SPICE). avtorebma yuradreba gaamaxviles am inhibitoris genebis Sedarebaze…”
SeniSvna: finkis angariSSi gamoyenebuli es mesame magaliTi aRwers rezengardis naSroms yvavilis virusis virulentobis sesaxeb – tomelic namdvilad Zalian saSiSia da bioterorizmis agents warmoadgens. 20

21. 20. yvavilis virusis virulentoba (ii)
“…vinaidan cocxali variola Znelad Sesaswavlia, maT gamoiyenes SPICE genis sinTezis standartuli meTodika. maT aRm,oaCines, rom variola –s adamianis komplementisadmi specifiurobis ufro maRali xarisxi gaaCnia, da asjer ufro aqtiuria adamianis imunuri sistemis am komponentis inaqtivirebaSi, vidre VCP (adamianis komplementis komponenti -human complement component C3b)…”
SeniSvna: am angariSSi kidev erTxel aris naCvenebi mizezebi, ris gamoc daTanxmdnen am samusaos catarebaze. magram, rogorc bolo leqciebSi vnaxavT, maT agreTve misces rekomendacia, rom am saxis samusaoebze saWiroa zedanxedveloba. zedamxedvelobis sistemebs ufro detalurad vnaxavT leqciaSi 18/ 21

22. sanimuSo SekiTxvebi
eTanxmebiT mezelsonis mosazrebas, rom arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom Tanamedrove sasicocxlo mecnierebebi upiratesad mtruli miznebiT iqneba gamoyenebuli? Tu eTanxmebiT, ra gziT SeiZleba amis Tavidan acileba? Tu ar eTanxmebiT, moiyvaneT Tqveni argumentebi da detalurad ganixileT erTi maTgadni..
2. ganixileT maimunis yvavilis eqsperimenti. unda gamoqveyndes es naSromi samecniero literaturaSi? moiyvaneT argumentebi Tqveni Sexedulebis dasasabuTeblad.
3. “vimeris mier poliovirusis sinTezi ar iyo ormagi daniSnulebis problemuri kvlevis magaliTi. imsjeleT.
4. SeiZleba gripis virusi gamoyenebuli iyos, rogorc bioterorizmis/ biologiuri saomari saSualebis seriozuli agenti?

23. wyaroebi
(slaidi 2)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
(slaidi 4)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
(slaidebi 5 da 6)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
(slaidi 7)
Meselson, M (2000) Averting the Hostile Exploitation of Biotechnology, The CBW Conventions Bulletin, June 48, Available from

24. (slaidi 8)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
(slaidi 9)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
Jackson, R. J., Ramsay, A. J., Christensen, C. D., Beaton, S., Hall, D. F., and Ramshoaw, I. A. (2001) Expression of Mouse Interleukin-4 by a Recombinant Ectromelia Virus Suppresses Cytolytic Lymphocyte Responses and Overcomes Genetic Resistance to Mousepox. Journal of Virology, 75(3), 1205–1210. Available from
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from

25. (slaidebi 12 da 13)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
(slaidi 14)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
Bembridge, G. P., Lopez, J. A., Cook, R., Melero, J. A., and Taylor, G.. (1998) Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Coexpressing the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) Does Not Inhibit the Development of RSVSpecific Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, whereas Priming Is Diminished in the Presence of High Levels of IL-2 or Gamma Interferon, Journal of Virology 72(5): Available from
Parker, S., Touchette, E., Oberle, C., Almond, M., Robertson, A., Trost, L. C., Lampert, B., Painter, G., and Buller, R. M.(2008) Efficacy of Therapeutic Intervention with an Oral Etherlipid Analogue of Cidofovir (CMX001) in a Lethal Mousepox Model. Antiviral Research 77(1): Available from

26. (slaidi 15)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from
Wimmer, E. (2007) The Test-Tube Synthesis of a Chemical Called Poliovirus, EMBO Reports Special Issue 7, 3-9. Available from
Cello, J., Paul, A. V., and Wimmer, E. (2002) Chemical Synthesis of Poliovirus cDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template, Science 297(5583), 1016 – Available from
(Slide 16)
National Research Council (2004) Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington: National Academies Press. Available from

27. (slaidi 17)
Smith, H. O., Hutchison, C. A., Pfannkoch, C., and Venter, J. C. (2003) Generating a Synthetic Genome by Whole Genome Assembly: _X174 Bacteriophage from Synthetic Oligonucleotides, PNAS, 100(26), 15440– Available from
Tian, J., Gong, H., Sheng, N., Zhou, X., Gulari, E., Gao, X., and Church, G.. (2004) Accurate multiplex gene synthesis from programmable DNA microchips, Nature, 432(23/30). Available from
(slaidi 18)
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