1. Class Session 14b Chapter 9 Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions
Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o
Expressing Direction with the Particle ni
Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to
Progressive State
Habitual State
Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari
Resulting State
Stative Verbs in English
Japanese 1100-L14b

2. Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions (p170)
The following verbs and nouns are useful for giving and receiving directions:
(items in red are not in the textbook):
iku to go
magaru to make a turn ( migi e magatte turn right and . . .)
( hidari e magatte turn left and . . .)
wataru to cross massugu straight ahead
sugiru to pass tomaru to stop
aruku to walk
kōsaten intersection
kado corner
tsukiatari end of the street
hashi bridge
michi street, road
san-dan-dōri Third Street
shingō traffic light
Japanese 1100-L14b

3. Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o
The location over which a movement action takes place is marked with the particle o:
hashi o wataru to cross a bridge
ano ginkō o sugiru to pass that bank
kono michi o massugu iku to go straight on this street
mit-tsu-me no kōsaten o magaru to make a turn through the 3rd intersection
mit-tsu-me no kōsaten de magaru to make a turn at the 3rd intersection
Compare the following expressions that show the difference between particles:
sora e tobu to fly towards the sky
sora ni tobu to fly to the sky
sora o tobu to fly through the sky
Japanese 1100-L14b

4. Expressing Direction with the Particle ni
The direction of movement (such as turning) is marked with the particle ni:
ano kōsaten o (de) migi ni magaru
to make a right turn at the intersection
kono michi o kita ni iku
to go north on this street
Japanese 1100-L14b

5. Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to
Use the conjunction soo suru to to state the resul after some action:
futa-tsu-me-no kōsaten de migi ni magatte (kudasai). Sō suru to, hidari ni hon’ya ga arimasu.
(Please) make a right turn at the second intersection. Then, you’ll see (there will be) a bookstore on your left
Note the difference between soo suru to and sore kara (Chapter 7), both translated as then:
sore kara shows the action that takes palce after another action
soo suru to shows what happens as a result of the first action
This passage uses both sore kara and soo suru to:
kono michi o massugu itte kudasai. sore kara, futa-tsu-me no kōsaten o migi ni magatte kudasai. sō suru to, hidari ni hon’ya ga arimasu.
Go straight on this street. Then, make a right turn at the second intersection. Then, you’ll see (there will be) a bookstore on the (your) left.
Japanese 1100-L14b

6. Progressive State
The progressive state expresses on-going activity and is expressed with a te-form verb + iru (to exist):
haha wa ima ryōri o shite imasu.
My mother is cooking now.
irassharu can be use instead of iru to show politeness:
yamada-san no okāsan wa ima, ryōri o shite irasshaimasu.
Ms. Yamada’s mother is cooking right now.
If the iru is in the past tense, the sentence expresses prolonging activity in the past:
kinō no gogo wa shukudai o shite imashita.
I was doing my homework in the afternoon yesterday.
Japanese 1100-L14b

7. Habitual State
When used with adverbs such as mainichi (every day), itsumo (always), and tokidoki (sometimes), the sentence expresses an habitual activity:
chichi wa mainichi orenji-jūsu o nonde imasu.
My father drinks (is drinking) orange juice everyday.
haha wa itsumo hataraite imasu.
My mother is always working.
watashi wa tokidoki undō o shite imasu.
I sometimes do (am doing) exercise.
Japanese 1100-L14b

8. Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari
bakari can be added at the end of the verb in the te-form to express an extreme habit:
otōto wa asonde bakari imasu.
My younger brother does nothing but play (is only playing).
imōto wa tabete bakari imasu.
My younger sister does nothing but eat (is only eating).
bakari can also be added after a noun (according to Dr. Sato, these two sentences
are almost synonymous):
ane wa terebi o mite bakari imasu.
My older sister does nothing but watch ( is only watching) television.
(The only thing she does is watch television)
ane wa terebi bakari mite imasu.
My older sister only watches television.
(She does not watch movies or anything else)
bakari cannot be used with the particles ga and o, but it can be used with other particles
such as ni:
ani wa izakaya ni bakkari itte imasu.
My brother does not go anywhere but izakaya bars.
Japanese 1100-L14b

9. Resulting State
Some actions can cause a certain resulting state (e.g., a drinking action will cause the state of being intoxicated
The te-form + iru is used to describe the current state that results from a past action:
o-sake o nonde imasu. Can mean “He is intoxicated.”
Verbs that express change-of-state actions such as kekkon suru can only yield the resulting state interpretation when they are used in the te-form + iru construction:
maiku-san wa kekkon shite imasu.
Means “Mike got married in the past, and, as a result, he is married” or
“Mike married in the past, and continues to exist in a state of marriage”
Japanese 1100-L14b

10. Stative Verbs in English
English verbs such as to know and to live express a state rather than an action
These states are often expressed by the te-form + iru in Japanese:
tanaka-san o shitte imasu ka.
Do you know Mr. Tanaka?
ane wa pari ni sunde imasu.
My older sister lives in Paris.
kono kanji o oboete imasu ka.
Do you remember this kanji?
Japanese 1100-L14b