2. World History Chapter 26 World War II

5. Chapter Objectives Identify the steps taken by Germany & Japan that led to the beginning of World War II Describe the successes of Germany & Japan in the early years of the war

6. Chapter Objectives List the major events of the last years of the war Explain the causes & results of the Holocaust

7. Chapter Objectives Explain the conditions of the peace settlement & the ways in which the peace settlement led to the Cold War

8. The Impact Today By the end of World War II, the balance of power had shifted away from Europe. Germany & Japan’s search for expanded “living space” is comparable to nations fighting over borders today.

9. The Impact Today Atomic weapons pose a threat to all nations.

10. Section 1: Paths to War

11. I. The German Path to War Adolf Hitler Aryan race was superior to all other races & nationalities needed more land to support a larger population land in the east - in the Soviet Union

12. Poster, c/ 1938, which proclaims “One People, one State, on Leader!” After becoming dictator in 1933, Hitler often held large rallies to inspire the loyalty of Germans

13. Land to support a larger population.

14. I. The German Path to War Slavic peoples could be used as slave labor to build the Third Reich

15. A. The First Steps Germany wished to revise the unfair provisions of the Treaty of Versailles by peaceful means Hitler created a new air force & began a military draft This was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles

16. A. The First Steps In the midst of the Great Depression, France, Great Britain & Italy were distracted by their own internal problems 1936, Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, the demilitarized area

17. France Rhineland

18. A. The First Steps Great Britain did not support the use of force against Germany Thus began a policy of appeasement

19. A. The First Steps appeasement - the belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content & stablitiy & peace would be achieved in Europe

20. B. New Alliances Benito Mussolini Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia 1936, Germany & Italy sent troops to Spain to help General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War

21. B. New Alliances New alliance between Italy & Germany, called the Rome- Berlin Axis Germany & Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, promising a common front against communism

22. C. Union with Austria 1937, Hitler proclaimed his plans of Anschluss, or union, with Austria, his native land 1938, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany

23. Maps and Charts 1a

24. D. Demands & Appeasement Nov. 1938, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, an area in northwestern Czechoslovakia that was inhabited largely by Germans German troops were allowed to occupy the Sudetenland

25. http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/img/history/roadwar/munich/sudetenland_1938.gif

26. D. Demands & Appeasement The Czechs, abandoned by their Western allies, stood by helplessly Munich Conference, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, boasted the agreement meant “peace for our time”

27. http://homepage.eircom.net/~finnegam/war/munich_conference.jpg

28. “peace for our time”

29. E. Great Britain & France React March 1939, Hitler invaded Bohemia & Moravia in western Czechoslovakia Hitler’s aggression had made clear that his promises were worthless

31. E. Great Britain & France React Hitler began to demand the Polish port of Danzig, Great Britain offered to protect Poland in the event of war France & Britain began political & military negotiations with Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator

32. F. Hitler & the Soviets To avoid a two-front war, Hitler made his own agreement with Stalin August 1939, Germany & the Soviet Union signed the Nazi- Soviet Nonaggression Pact

33. http://www.historynet.com/pod/0822_l.jpg

34. F. Hitler & the Soviets On September 1, 1939, German forces invaded Poland Two days later, Britain & France declared war on Germany

35. II. The Japanese Path to War 1931, Japanese soldiers seized Manchuria, which had natural resources Japan needed Japan renamed Manchuria, Manchukuo

37. II. The Japanese Path to War By the mid-1930’s militants had gained control of Japanese politics

38. A. War with China Chiang Kai-shek sought to appease the Japanese by allowing it to govern areas of Northern China

39. A. War with China 1936, Chiang ended his military efforts against the Communists & formed a new united front against the Japanese By 1937, the Japanese seized the Chinese capital of Nanjing

40. B. The New Asian Order Japanese military leaders wanted Chiang to join a New Order in East Asia, comprising Japan, Manchuria & China Japan also planned to seize Soviet Siberia with its rich resources

41. B. The New Asian Order Japanese became interested in the raw materials in Southeast Asia to fuel its military machine The United States objected & threatened to apply economic sanctions - restrictions intended to enforce international law

42. B. The New Asian Order Japan badly needed the oil & scrap iron it was getting from the United States Japan was now caught in a dilemma

43. B. The New Asian Order Japan decided to launch a surprise attack on the U.S. & European colonies in Southeast Asia Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

44. Section 2: The Course of World War II

46. I. Europe at War Blitzkrieg, “lightning war” German’s attack on Poland used armored columns, called panzer divisions, supported by airplanes Blitzkrieg broke quickly through Polish lines, within four weeks Poland had surrendered

47. http://www.geocities.com/shadow_bitten/Wermacht/blitzkrieg.jpg

48. I. Europe at War On Sept. 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland

50. A. Hitler’s Early Victories After a winter of waiting (called the “phony war”), on April 9, 1940, Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway One month later Germany attacked the Netherlands, Belgium and France

52. A. Hitler’s Early Victories The Germans went around the Maginot Line (a series of concrete and steel fortifications armed with heavy artillery along France’s border with Germany) This trapped British and French troops on the beaches of Dunkirk

53. http://www.sitemaps.com/Custom_Map_Design/Historical/Maginot_Line.jpg

54. A. Hitler’s Early Victories The Royal Navy and civilians evacuated 338,000 Allied troops

55. A. Hitler’s Early Victories After Dunkirk, the British appealed to the U.S. for help The French signed an armistice on June 22, 1940

56. A. Hitler’s Early Victories President Franklin D. Roosevelt, denounced the aggressors, but the U.S. followed a strict policy of isolationism The U.S. passed a series of neutrality acts in the 1930’s preventing the them from taking sides or becoming involved

57. A. Hitler’s Early Victories The acts were relaxed as the U.S. supplied food, ships, planes and weapons to Britain

58. B. The Battle of Britain Luftwaffe - the German air force Bombed British air and naval bases, harbors, communication centers and war industries Sept. 1940, Hitler ordered a shift in strategy, the Luftwaffe began massive bombing of British cities

60. B. The Battle of Britain Hitler hoped to break British morale, The British were able to rebuild their air strength quickly Soon, the British air force was inflicting major losses on Luftwaffe bombers

61. B. The Battle of Britain Hitler postponed the invasion of Britain indefinitely

62. C. Attack on the Soviet Union Hitler had convinced himself that the Soviet Union had a pitiful army and could be defeated quickly Mussolini’s failed invasion of Greece forced him to secure his southern flank Hitler seized both Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941

64. C. Attack on the Soviet Union Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 German troops advanced rapidly, capturing 2 million Russian soldiers The second army besieged the city of Leningrad

65. C. Attack on the Soviet Union An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halted the German advance Germans had no winter uniforms The German armies had for the first time been stopped Soviet army counterattacked in Dec. 1941

67. II. Japan at War December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands By Spring 1942, almost all of Southeast Asia & much of the Western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands

68. II. Japan at War The Japanese community of nations was called the “Greater East-Asia Coprosperity Sphere” Japan needed the resources of the region for its war machine

69. II. Japan at War Japanese leaders thought the American people had been made soft by material indulgence The Japanese miscalculated The attack on Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about becoming involved in the war

70. II. Japan at War Hitler declared war on the United States 4 days after Pearl Harbor

72. III. Allies Advance Grand Alliance or “Allies” - Great Britain, United States & Soviet Union vs. Axis Powers - Germany, Italy & Japan

73. III. Allies Advance Unconditional surrender principle, required the Axis nations to surrender without any favorable condition

74. A. The European Theater 1942, in North Africa the Afrika Korps, German forces under General Erwin Rommel, broke through the British defenses in Egypt & advanced toward Alexandria

75. http://nacismus.mysteria.cz/fotobox/rommel_1.jpg

76. A. The European Theater By the fall of 1942, the war had turned against the Germans In North Africa, British forces had stopped Rommel’s troops at El Alamein Nov. 1942, British & American forces invaded French North Africa

78. A. The European Theater On the Eastern Front, Hitler decided that Stalingrad, should be taken Between Nov. 1942 & Feb. 1943, the Soviets counterattacked & stopped German troops

79. A. The European Theater German troops were encircled, supply lines cut off, all in frigid winter conditions The Germans were forced to surrender The entire German 6 th Army, was lost

82. B. The Asian Theater 1942 The Battle of the Coral Sea, American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance & saved Australia from threat of invasion The Battle of Midway Island, U.S. planes destroyed 4 attacking Japanese aircraft carriers to establish naval superiority in the Pacific

84. B. The Asian Theater 1942 Douglas MacArthur commanded the forces in Asia “Island hopping” capture some Japanese-held islands and bypass others up to Japan

85. http://www.e-yliko.gr/Fyyl/Istoria/prosopawwarII/Douglas%20MacArthur.gif

87. http://img42.photobucket.com/albums/v129/daftanddemented/worldwartwo/WorldWarII15.jpg

88. IV. Last Years of the War By 1943 the tide of battle had turned against the Axis forces Germany surrendered in Tunisia in 1943 Allies then invaded Italy an area Winston Churchill called the “soft underbelly” of Europe

89. A. The European Theater After the fall of Sicily, Mussolini was removed from office & placed under arrest Mussolini was liberated by Germans in a daring raid Germans troops moved in & occupied much of Italy

90. A. The European Theater June 6, 1944 (D-Day) Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the Normandy beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion In Paris, partisans, or resistance fighters helped liberate Paris by Aug. 1945

92. A. The European Theater In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River and advanced into Germany Using newly developed heavy tanks, German forces were defeated by the Soviets at the Battle of Kursk in July 1943, the greatest tank battle of WWII

93. A. The European Theater Soviet troops now began a steady advance westward Soviet troops occupied Warsaw in Jan. 1945 & entered Berlin in April By Jan. 1945, Adolf Hitler had moved into a bunker

94. A. The European Theater In his final political testament, Hitler blamed the Jews for the war. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been shot by Italian partisans

95. A. The European Theater On May 7, 1945, German commanders surrendered

96. B. The Asian Theater US forces advanced slowly across the Pacific 1945, Harry S. Truman became president after the death of Roosevelt in April U.S. had now developed atomic weapons

97. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3c10000/3c17000/3c17100/3c17122r.jpg Harry S. Truman

98. B. The Asian Theater Using atomic weapons would, Truman hoped, enable the U.S. to avoid an invasion of Japan American troops would suffer heavy casualties if they invaded Japan

99. The Atomic Bomb Scientists at the beginning of the twentieth century discovered that atoms contained an enormous amount of energy. The discovery gave rise to the idea that releasing this energy by splitting the atom might create a devastating weapon. Read the excerpt on page 834 of your textbook and answer the question on the following slide.

100. B. The Asian Theater Truman decided to use the bombs The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, three days later a second on Nagasaki Japan surrendered on Aug. 14, 1945

101. http://mothra.rerf.or.jp/ENG/A-bomb/photo-1/p9.jpg

102. Atomic bombs were more powerful and left behind radiation. The destruction was so overwhelming that Japan surrendered. Possible answer: The fear that the prospect of using atomic weapons caused, and the power that resulted from having atomic weapons.

103. Costs of the War 17 million had died in battle 20 million civilians had perished as well Some estimates place total losses at 50 million