2. Native Americans Control the West By 1850, all Native Americans had been removed from East Texas. However, Native Americans in the west continued to resist westward expansion By 1866, troops were posted at several central and southwestern Texas towns to prevent Native American Raids Soldiers were untrained, inexperienced, and not used to fighting Native Americans Native Americans had the advantage in battle -Rifles took 60 seconds to reload…in this same time frame Native American warrior could ride 200 yards and fire 20 arrows!!

3. The Search for PeaceTreaty of Medicine Lodge Creek: 1867 – U.S. officials and Native American Nations met in present-day Kansas to sign a peace treay -Under these terms, Native Americans would live on reservations in Indian Territory (Present-day Oklahoma) US army was not allowed on reservations, while Indians agreed to cease the raids on white settlements Quakers, such as Lawrie Tatum, served as agents in Indian Territory and educated Native Americans in agriculture to allow them to earn a living in the Anglo world Quakers were selected to work on reservations because they did not believe in violence

4. Peace Policy Fails Many west Texas Native Americans felt they had been cheated out of land and began to protest the reservation movement Satanta (aka – Orator of the Plains), Kiowa chief, insisted West Texas belonged to Kiowas and Comanches He claimed that his people and way of life could not survive the reservation way of life without the buffal Others like Apache chief Victorio, Kiowa chief Lone Wolf, and Comanche chiefs Wild Horse and Black Horse also resisted reservation life. Victorio was leader of the Apaches that resisted reservation life Comanche chief Quanah Parker (Son of Cynthia Ann Parker) also refused He spent 10 years trying to stop Anglo settlement spread Not all Native Americans resisted moving into reservations Kiowa chiefs Kicking Bird and Striking Eagle and Comanche chief Horseback began to lead people into reservations

5. The Peace Policy Ends General William Sherman was sent to West Texas to investigate Indian raid issues Even though he was told these raids were exaggerated, he quickly believed the peaceful policies had failed Indian Raid called the Warren Wagontrain raid led by Kiowa leader Satanta resulted in deaths of several men. Satanta admitted to being involved to Quaker agent, Lawrie Tatum. Satanta, along with two other chiefs Big Tree and Satank (killed along the way to prison), were arrested and found guilty Federal officials were opposed to executing Satanta for fear of starting a war The Warren Wagontrain Raid significance: -Changed the attitude of many military leaders, especially Sherman -Native Americans were now forced onto reservations

6. Mackenzie Leads the Early Texas Campaign Army expeditions were sent throughout Texas lead by 4 th Cavalry Regiment Commander Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. Mackenzie’s regiment captured more than 100 Comanches near present-day Pampa By 1873, Comanche, Kickapoo, and Apache raids began to cease throughout Texas and Northern Mexico

7. Native American Depend on the Buffalo Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered The culture of the nomadic Plains people depended greatly on the buffalo for food Every inch of the buffalo down to the manure was used for something to help in the Native American way of life Began by Charles Rath and brothers John and J. Wright Mooar, the buffalos began to be hunted for hide manufacturing. A law proposed by sympathetic Anglos was defeated with the help of General Philip Sheridan -Sheridan claimed the buffalo hunters were whipping out the main surviving energy source for the plains people. -Indians prepared for war

8. The Attack on Adobe Walls The Red River Campaign On June 1874, Quanah Parker led several hundred Native American nations in a attack on buffalo hunters’ camp -Early prototypes of the machine gun were used 28 buffalo hunters and 1 women withstood the attack Frustrated Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyenne, and others began to increase attacks. Raids spread to 5 states killing 190 Anglos in 2 months After the attacks, President Ulysses Grant order the U.S. army to handle Native American affairs Starting in late August 1874, 3000 troops (some Texas Rangers, led by Major John B. Jones) began attacking from 5 different directions. In first 17 months, 21 total battles were fought on against the Native Americans

9. Palo Duro Canyon The most decisive battle of the Red River Campaign Colonel Mackenzie destroyed villages that cut vital survival supplies to plain Native Americans, including 1000 Horses! Last remaining Comanche band, Kwahadies led by Quanah Parker, surrendered at Fort Still in June 1875 -Parker would go on to D.C. to help fight for Native American rights

10. Buffalo Soldiers End The Wars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2mKWLf8GAo Native American raids continued along the Rio Grande Valley African-American cavalry soldiers in the 9 th and 10 th cavalry units were referred to as “buffalo soldiers” - One of the members, Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper, was the first African American graduate of West Point The name “buffalo soldiers” was given to them by the Native Americans who greatly respected their combat skills Often were harassed and abused by Anglo settlers 19 medals of honor awarded! White Buffalo Soldiers were primarily interested in buffalo hides

11. South Texas Renegades Lawlessness, like renegades, or outlaws, began robbing and raiding towns and settlements along Rio Grande was because of former deserters form the Civil War. Texas Rangers were sent to establish peace in 1875. Special Force unit commanded by Captain L.H. McNelly were accused of mistreating Mexican Americans Texas Rangers helped reduce lawlessness on the frontier Citizens like Juan Cortina (hero amongst Mexican Americans) resisted law authorities

12. Time of Sadness for Native Americans A New Era Begins The growing population from the East was spilling onto the Great Plains Native Americans were placed into boarding schools, given Anglo clothing, hair was cut, and could only speak English By 1875, there were only 1,597 Comanches left Anglo settlers poured into the west after the Native American threat was no more Towns in the west and along the Great Plains began to grow Coleman Brady Sweetwater Abilene Fort Worth

13. Special Force Campaigns Commissary Renegades Adobe Walls Salt Creek