1. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. C HAPTER P REVIEW Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety-Related Disorders Mood-Related Disorders Suicide Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Health and Wellness Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-2

3. A BNORMAL B EHAVIOR Behavior that is… – deviant (atypical) – maladaptive (dysfunctional) – personally distressing (despair) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-3

4. T HEORETICAL A PPROACHES Biological Approach: Medical Model – disorders with biological origins Psychological Approach – experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality Sociocultural Approach – social context Biopsychosocial Model – interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-4

5. DSM-V C LASSIFICATION S YSTEM Advantages – provides a common basis for communication – helps clinicians make predictions – naming the disorder can provide comfort Disadvantages – stigma (shame, negative reputation) – medical terminology implies internal cause – focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-5

6. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-6 A TTENTION D EFICIT /H YPERACTIVITY D ISORDER inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity – over-diagnosed Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010. – traditionally considered a childhood disorder – 2/3 rds persist to adulthood

7. A NXIETY -R ELATED D ISORDERS uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder specific phobia social anxiety disorder Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5 anxiety disorders: – obsessive-compulsive disorder – post-traumatic stress disorder Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-7

8. G ENERALIZED A NXIETY D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms – persistent anxiety for at least 6 months – inability to specify reasons for the anxiety Etiology – biological factors - genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration – psychological and sociocultural factors -harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-8

9. P ANIC D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms – recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning Etiology – biological factors: genetic predisposition – psychological factors: conditioning to CO 2 – sociocultural factors: gender differences Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-9

10. S PECIFIC P HOBIA Diagnosis and Symptoms – an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia) Etiology – psychological factors: learned – biological factors: genetic disposition Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-10

11. E XAMPLES OF P HOBIC D ISORDERS Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-11

12. S OCIAL A NXIETY D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms – intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Etiology – biological factors: genetic disposition neural circuitry serotonin – psychological factors: over-protective / rejecting parenting social experiences Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-12

13. O BSESSIVE -C OMPULSIVE D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms – persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation Etiology – biological factors: genetic predisposition neurotransmitters – psychological factors: avoidance learning Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-13

14. P OST -T RAUMATIC S TRESS D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters Flashbacks avoidance of emotional experiences anxiety, excessive arousal difficulties with memory and concentration impulsive outbursts Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-14

15. M OOD -R ELATED D ISORDERS disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state Symptoms may include – cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms – interpersonal difficulties Types – major depressive disorder Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder: – bipolar disorder Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-15

16. M AJOR D EPRESSIVE D ISORDER (MDD) Diagnosis and Symptoms – significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks – daily functioning is impaired – symptoms may include fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest appetite & sleep disturbance Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-16

17. M AJOR D EPRESSIVE D ISORDER (MDD) Etiology – biological factors: genetic disposition underactive prefrontal cortex regulation of neurotransmitters – psychological factors: learned helplessness ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts pessimistic attribution – sociocultural factors poverty gender differences Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-17

18. B IPOLAR D ISORDER Bipolar I and Bipolar II Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania Frequency and separation of episodes – usually separated by 6 months to a year Etiology – strong genetic component – swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex – levels of neurotransmitters Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-18

19. D ISSOCIATIVE D ISORDERS sudden loss of memory or change in identity Dissociation – protection from extreme stress or shock – problems integrating emotional memories Types – dissociative amnesia – dissociative identity disorder (DID) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-19

20. D ISSOCIATIVE D ISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-20

21. D ISSOCIATIVE I DENTITY D ISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms – the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities – each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships – only one personality is dominant at a time Etiology – extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood – social contagion – mostly women – runs in families Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-21

22. S CHIZOPHRENIA highly disordered thought – split from reality (psychotic) – typically diagnosed in early adulthood – high suicide risk Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-22

23. S YMPTOMS OF S CHIZOPHRENIA Positive Symptoms – hallucinations and delusions – thought disorders – disorders of movement Negative Symptoms – flat affect Cognitive Symptoms – attention difficulties and memory problems – impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-23

24. E TIOLOGY OF S CHIZOPHRENIA Biological Factors – genetic predisposition – structural brain abnormalities – regulation of neurotransmitters Psychological Factors – vulnerability-stress hypothesis Sociocultural Factors – influence how disorder progresses Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-24

25. P ERSONALITY D ISORDERS chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns Antisocial Personality Disorder – Diagnosis and Symptoms guiltless law-breaking, violence, deceit impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible – Etiology biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-25

26. P ERSONALITY D ISORDERS Borderline Personality Disorder – Diagnosis and Symptoms instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions – Etiology genetic childhood abuse irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-26

27. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-27 S UICIDE Prevalence – over 38,000 in year 2010 – twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S. – 3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence

28. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-28 W HEN S OMEONE IS T HREATENING S UICIDE D O... take it seriously. calmly ask simple questions. be a supportive listener. emphasize that the unbearable can be survived. stay with the person until help arrives. encourage to get professional help.

29. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-29 W HEN S OMEONE IS T HREATENING S UICIDE D O N OT … ignore the warning signs. refuse to talk about it. react with horror or disapproval. lecture judgmentally: “You should be thankful…” offer false assurance everything will be alright. abandon the person once the crisis seems to have passed.

30. H EALTH AND W ELLNESS Stereotypes and Stigma – Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients – negative attitudes toward mentally ill – physical health risk – successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to “come out” Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-30

31. C HAPTER R EVIEW Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior. Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Compare disorders involving mood and emotion. Describe the dissociative disorders. Characterize schizophrenia. Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders. Describe suicide and its risks. Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and describe how individuals with disorders can improve their quality of life. quality of life. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15-31