2. Split Brain
Split brain patient

3. Phantom Limb Pain
Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed
Sensation in limb can be felt when touching other areas of body (most common: lost hand feels touch of face)

4. Plasticity
The brain is plastic—subject to alteration in the way it functions, such as:
Changes in the brain’s overall architecture in response to stimulation and environmental experience
The central nervous system can grow new neurons:
But limited ability to do so with cortical injury
This promotes stability in the brain’s connections but is an obstacle to recovery from brain damage.
On a larger scale, whole regions of the cortex can be reorganized with experience; for example, musicians who require sensitivity and skill in their fingers have more cortical area devoted to representing information about the fingers.
Similarly, individuals who are blind can show visual cortex activation to somatosensory tasks, suggesting that even specialized parts of the cortex can take on new roles.
Finally, evidence suggests that neurogenesis in response to learning continues throughout life, although the central nervous system does not appear to be able to grow new neurons to replace neurons damaged through injury.
Controversial research that induces stem cells to turn into healthy neurons, however, may lead to successful therapies for injuries and diseases of the nervous system. 4

5. Plasticity
Neurons are subject to alteration in the way they function, such as:
Changes in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases
Changes in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters
Creating new connections by growing new dendritic spines
- Important for learning 5

6. Principles and Functions
Cephalization
All-or-None Law
Frequency Coding of Intensity
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Localization of Function (+ Integration)
Topographic Projection (& Distortion)
Split Brain (Crossed Connections)
Connectivity & Functional Connectivity
Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

7. Motivation
What gets things going??

10. Motivation outline
The major functions of motivation (activation and goal orientation/seeking)
A typology of motivations: major types and an idea about their interdependence
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Evolution of adaptive mechanism of homeostatic control systems and how they operate
A model of primary drives and how they fit into above control system model

11. Motivation: Characteristics
Story-
Activation + Goal orientation

12. Typology of Motivations
Primary and Secondary Drives
Pyramid of needs (Maslow)

14. Yerkes Dodson: Activation (Cockroaches & Quarterbacks!)
Good/bad pool players: audience size 4
Zajonc: Mere exposure (cockroaches!)
Home field advantage-world series!

19. Primary Drive: Basic Model
Claude Bernard: Mileau Interior & Evol.
Walter Cannon & body wisdom (salt ex)
Homeostasis & negative feedback
Dual outputs
Instinct & reflexes vs. motivation & learning (flexitility/adaptability)
D.W “Salt was one of first words. Died at 3.5 years.

20. Setpoint
Output:Physiol/Motivtional
Input _
Negative feedback loop

22. Body Water Levels & Thirst
Physiological: Two systems of regulation
Prevent water loss
Hypothalamus/pituitary/kidney/ADH
Control of reabsorption of water
Pressure sensitivity
Thirst: find new water

23. Hunger: Hunger: More complex First, a “basic” physiological mechanism
Hypothalamus VMH: satiety & feeding
Reinterpretation of satiety as change in set point

25. Other Hunger Regulators: (Long-term and Short-term
Liver: glucose  glycogen conversion
Long term vs short term regulation
Fat cell hypothesis & Leptin/NPY
Genetic control
Social control

35. Emotions Emotional expression Some basic theories of emotion
Darwin & Ekman: universality
Some basic theories of emotion
Naïve
James-Lange
Cognitive/ Schacter-Singer/Cannon-Bard

36. A Higher-level Motive: Need for Achievement
McClelland
Methodology: projective techniques
Goal setting
Parent-child immediate interaction
Longer-term developmental styles
Societal implications
Dweck: Mastery vs Performance orientation