1. Think about it…  List characteristics that define a living organism.  What are some medical tests/procedures that measure these characteristics of a living organisms?  Distinguish between Anatomy and Physiology.

2. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology History Characteristics of Life Maintenance of Life Homeostasis Levels of Organization Organ systems

3. What is the distinguishing factor between Anatomy and Physiology?  Anatomy: morphology of Structures  Forms and arrangements  Physiology: Describes function of Structures  What body parts do and how they do it.  Ex: 1. Heart… 2. stomach… 2. stomach… 3. mandible… 3. mandible…

4. History  When did the study of the Body Begin?

5. 384 B.C.  Aristotle: first teacher of Anatomy

6. 400 B.C.  Hippocrates  wrote many books:  Described muscular-skeletal structure  attempted to describe surgical procedures.  Speculation NOT experimentation  Greek physicians spoke of 4 humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile)

8. 100 AD  Galen: Roman Anatomist  Specialized in Gladiator fights  Performed dissections as sideline entertainment  Little understanding of physiology  Books were destroyed by Church (library at Alexadria during fall of Roman empire)

10. 1600’s  Leeuwenhook:  first observed and described microbes  How was this observation important?  Microbes cause disease

12. Anatomy Act: 1832  United Kingdom Act of parliament expanded the legal supply of cadavers for medical research and education, in reaction to public fear and revulsion of the illegal trade in corpses.

13. 1850’s  Louis Pasteur  Microbes cause disease  Pasteurization of Milk  Rabies Vaccinations

14. 1876  Robert Koch  Defined ID procedure for pathogens

15. Other Major Advancements  Karyotypes  Chemo therapy/ Marie Curie: Radiation  Laser Procedure  Laughing Gas: Humphrey Davy: 1880  Soft Contact Lenses: 1971  Human Genome: 1990  Dolly: The Cloned Sheep 1996 What events contributed to rapid discoveries in medicine after 1600’s?

16. Characteristics of Life  Movement  Responsiveness  Growth  Reproduction  Respiration  Metabolism (digestion/ Assimilation )  Absorption  Circulation  Excretion

17. Requirements of Life  Water - required for metabolism, transport, regulation  Food - substances that provide nutrients  Oxygen - used in the release of energy  Heat - a form of energy which helps control metabolic reactions  Pressure - application of force on an object

18. Homeostatic Mechanisms work to control physiological maintenance.  Homeostatic mechanisms: function to maintain stable environment  Examples  pH  Oxygen levels  Blood pressure  Temperature  glucose

19. Homeostasis: Feedback mechanisms  Negative Feedback:  Receives a signal in environment and then causes a response that reverses the change  Ex: Furnace and Hormone secretion **Most feedback mechanisms are Negative  Positive Feedback:  Initial signal produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus  Example: milk production and blood clotting

21. Homeostasis in Medicine  Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment, but physiological values vary in an individual.  Normal values for an individual and the idea of a normal range for the population are clinically important.

22. Structural Levels of Organization What is the Smallest unit of all matter? 1.Cells 2.Organs 3.Tissues 4.Macromolecules 5.Atoms 6.Molecule 7.Organ system 8.organism 9.organelles

24. Organ Systems Organ Systems  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Endocrine  Cardiovascular  Lymphatic  Digestive  Respiratory  Urinary  Reproductive

25. Integumentary System  Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands  Protects underlying tissues  Site of sensory receptors  Regulates body temperature  Synthesis of biochemicals

26. Skeletal System  Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints  Body framework  Protection of vital organs  Attachment for muscles  Blood cell production  Storage of inorganic salts

27. Muscular System  Muscles  Body movement  Body posture  Generation of body heat

28. Nervous System  Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs  Detect changes in the internal and external environment  Receive and interpret sensory information  Stimulate muscles and glands

29. Endocrine System  Glands that secrete hormones  Pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testis and pancreas  Hormones alter metabolism in target cells metabolism in target cells

30. Transport Systems  Cardiovascular system  heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood  Pumps blood thru vessels and transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes  Lymphatic system  lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphocytes spleen, lymphocytes Protect against infection and disease

31. Digestive System  Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine  Ingestion of food  Breakdown of food molecules  Absorption of nutrients http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/digestive_system.html

32. Respiratory System  Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs  Movement and exchange of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

33. Urinary System  Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra  Remove wastes from blood  Maintain body water and electrolyte balance  Transport urine

34. Reproductive System  Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis  Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

35. Reproductive System  Produces gametes, support development support development of embryo of embryo

36. Organ System Review   What Organ system is responsible for production of body heat?   What organ (s) are found in the Skeletal System?   What is the Function of the Lymphatic System?   A doctor records high blood pressure (150/95) in a patient’s chart. Which system should this doctor evaluate more extensively?   Provide an example of how organ systems can be integrated? (in other words, how do some systems share the same function?)

37. Lifespan Changes  Aging is the passage of time and accompanying bodily changes, from the whole- body level to the microscopic level.