1. Is There Wind Energy in Florida? How can we tell? Frank R. Leslie, B.S.E.E, M.S. Space Technology November 10, 2002

2. Energy Sources –Renewable; won’t run out –Nonrenewable; will run out Fossil Fuels –Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas Nuclear (very long depletion period) Hubbert’s Peak of oil consumption Environmental Impacts –Pollution: Air, water, land, noise –Wildlife; people (NIMBYs) Economics: Cost assessment Revised 021110 www.worldenergy.org Introduction to Florida Wind Energy

3. Dr. M. King Hubbert, geophysicist, published his prediction that the US oil peak would be reached in 1970. Later, others predicted the World oil peak would occur in the first decade of the 21st Century. Past the production peak, oil prices will increase as extraction becomes more difficult and the price is bid up. The Hubbert Curve Predicts Fossil Fuel Decline www.hubbertpeak.com/midpoint.htm Revised 021102

4. Renewable Energy Overview Renewable energy comes to Earth faster than it is used Types of Renewable energy –Solar: Light, heat, wind, waves, plant growth (biomass) –Gravitational: Tides (almost renewable) Sustainable energy is used more slowly than it becomes available –For example, a small hydropower system might use only part of the available water upstream Revised 021110

5. United States –Transportation, Residential, Industrial Florida FPL electrical districts Daily load peaking (time of day) Energy Source Usage Revised 021109 US 2000 Yourenergyfuture.org http://www.nyiso.com http://www.caiso.com/SystemStatus.html

6. Energy Considerations for 2050 Fossil-fuel energy will deplete in the future; took millions of years to create that much fuel US oil production peaked about 1974; world energy will peak about 2004-9 Renewable energy will eventually become mandatory, and our lifestyles may change Transition to renewable energy must occur well before a crisis occurs Revised 021102 US 2000 Yourenergyfuture.org

7. Wind Origin and Nature Revised 021110 The sun heats the Earth unequally, causing air pressure differences Air moves from high to low pressures, but veers due to the Coriolis Effect (to the right in Northern Hemisphere; as in Atlantic hurricanes) Range of speeds: Calm to Mt. Washington, NH 231 miles per hour April, 1934 record Character: steady, gusty, day/night cyclic – a statistical nature

8. Wind Energy Effects Varies significantly with location Mountains often channel wind and increase speed Plains or water allow unhindered sweep of wind with low friction Power is proportional to the cube of the speed –Eight times as much power at twice the wind speed Existing applications/uses –Power and water pumping Revised 021110

9. U.S. Wind Atlas Wind map of US shows wind power density by colors Pacific Northwest National Labs, WA, created maps –Experts on nuclear plume drift prediction –Published maps for each state Newer technology can create maps from topography Revised 021110

10. Florida Wind Map from Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL) Atlas PNNL rated wind energy “marginal” (200 to 300 W/m 2 ) along the coasts Interior of state “negligible” Based upon limited airport historical data Limited other wind studies found; some masters’ theses Revised 021110

11. Wind Map Development & Creation Wind maps display areas of strength or intensity as colors or contour lines Weather history is used to get long-term records of speed and direction (direction not critical to turbines) Airports have weather history, but they are far apart (data gaps) Anemometers can measure local winds Computer modeling produces estimates of winds at other locations (some models better than others) Revised 021110

12. Find best wind turbine locations Anemometers measure wind speed Totalizers measure miles of wind blown past Tree “flagging” or distortion of growth pattern shows high winds Balloons and kites show turbulence with flagging streamers Soil erosion may indicate high wind speed Direction of wind approach may affect speed (trees, buildings) Higher turbines are above turbulence and any blocked wind Wind Prospecting Revised 021110

13. Nature of Sea Breeze Humid air sweeps inland as land heats more than ocean and air then rises to develop clouds Afternoon thunderstorms begin as saturated air forms cumulonimbus clouds Electrical static charge develops as drops form and are swept upwards by the wind Lightning and heavy rains usually follow Air returns overhead to descend at sea Revised 021110 Sea breeze of 10 to 15 mph peak caused by sun typically lasts 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Gusts are much stronger and have more power, but they last less than a minute Wind direction changes as sea breeze progresses

14. Sea breeze effect begins as land is heated by sun more than water Temperature difference of land and sea causes wind flow inland in daytime; out to sea at night Afternoon storms result from humid sea air rising in Central Florida North Carolina to Texas coastal areas may have similar energy Ref.: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu Sea Breeze Phenomenology Revised 021110 Ref.: www.icess.ucsb.edu/esrg

15. Wind Turbine Overview Vertical Axis Turbines –Two thin semicircular blades –Savonius rotor best at water pumping –Blade forces reverse with each turn; fail to endure due to stresses –Darrieus rotor explored by Sandia Labs and recently removed Horizontal Axis Turbines –Two or three-bladed rotor –Successful in practice –Largest 110 meter diameter rotor –3.4 MW peak power Revised 021110 www.iwr.de/wind

16. Typical Wind Turbine Equipment Temporary homemade wind turbine on roof of Link Bldg. Samples available wind energy. Datalogger records patterns of winds. The weather station in the background records wind speed & direction, temperatures, rainfall, etc. Wind turbines are fairly simple machines built for long life and reliability. The blades of large turbines revolve about 8-12 times per minute. Complex as a bus? Revised 021110

17. Wind Turbine Siting (Location Selection) Terrain shapes and changes wind flow Turbine groups may interfere with wind into downwind turbines –Must be separated by several diameters Operation & Maintenance for lubing, inspection, bolt tightening, etc. requires crew access roads Transmission lines (electrical) carry energy to load use areas Major US areas in CA, WA, NM, TX, OR, MT, SD, ND, KS, MN, IA, PA, WV, VT, others Revised 021110

18. Florida Tech Wind Research Civil engineering effects on buildings & emergency vehicles --- WHIRL Laboratory, Dr. Pinelli Aeronautical --- airfoils, Dr. Subramanian DMES (Department of Marine and Environmental Systems) --- Sea Breeze Wind and Solar Study, Dr. Steven Lazarus & Mr. Frank Leslie Greater emphasis on applied research developing at Florida Tech Revised 021109

19. DMES Wind/Solar DOE/FSEC Study Dr. Steven Lazarus and Mr. Frank Leslie are researching wind and solar energy and the sea breeze effect Goal: Determine if there is sufficient wind/solar energy in Florida to economically offset mid- day fossil-fuel utility energy? Objectives: Record wind and solar data and evaluate available energy under sea breeze and storm frontal passage conditions Revised 021110

20. Sea Breeze Wind and Solar Study Obtaining small wind turbines, controllers, and photovoltaic modules from grant funding and generous equipment donations Establish permanent campus station and create two portable field stations Student field research studies with data gathering, processing, and reporting Developing Renewable Energy Lab to further research Developing Renewable Energy Course to educate students in energy choices and technology Revised 021109

21. Wind turbines (two 400 W & one 1000W) Photovoltaic modules Anemometers Dataloggers Pyranometers –Solar intensity Project Instrumentation Revised 021110

22. Data Assessment Process Correlate wind and solar energy over “long” period (~1 to 5 years) Find power variations with respect to location –On ocean shore or offshore on ship –West side of Indian River Lagoon (city/county parks; Lagoon House?) –Inland to perhaps 15 miles Develop automated data processing and display to deal with large data files Determine available wind/solar energy and costs; economics compared with existing sources Revised 021110

23. Tentative Conclusions (always evolving) Coastal sea breeze winds may reduce peak load requirements on fossil fuel utilities, reducing pollution and demand load charges Sea breeze wind speeds are low, thus there is limited power available PV helps during sunny, clear skies Some renewable energy is available during afternoon utility peak loads Additional research will establish the economics and practicality Automated data processing and Internet interface for data will be useful to wind researchers Revised 021110

24. Career Choices in Wind Science and Engineering Technical Turbine Maintainer Utilities Worker Airfoils Designer Generator Winder Turbine Installer Surveyor Drafter Electrician Mechanic Rigger Crane Operator Tech Writer Data Manager Illustrator Engineering Aeronautical Engineer Electrical Engineer Power & Comm Mechanical Engineer Civil Engineer System Engineer Integration Engineer Datalogger Programmer Internet Interfaces Computer Displays Reliability Engineer Quality Control Engineer Science Meteorologist Geographic Info Systems (GIS) Computer Scientist Statistician Environmental Scientist Psychologist Mathematician Economist Geologist Other - Artist - Architect - Attorney - Planner - Materials Specialist - Legislative Advisors & Lobbyists Revised 021110 From Florida Tech, DMES, Frank Leslie, 2002

25. References: Books Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0- 930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Manwell, J.F., J.G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers. Wind Energy Explained. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 577 pp., 2002. ISBN 0-471-49972-2. Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Johnson, Gary L. Wind Energy Systems. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 360pp., 1985. ISBN 0-13-957754-8; TK1541.J64; 621.4’5. Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152- 4. Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Revised 021110

26. References: Websites, etc. Revised 021110 awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy mailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenters www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html http://www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/shear.htm#rough