1. Earth Science Unit 1
Ms. Moynihan

2. Unit 1 1) The Nature of Science What is science?
What is Earth Science?
Scientific Methods of Inquiry
Designing an Experiment
Marshmallow Challenge Lab
Using Scientific Tools
Graph Analysis Lab

3. Unit 1 2) Earth as a System 3) Models of Earth The Earths’ 4 Sphere
Modeling the Planet
Mapmaking
Topographical Maps
Contour Lines

4. Vocabulary Rate of Change Direct relationship Indirect relationship
Dynamic Equilibrium
Density
Lithosphere
Topography
Elevation
Contour Lines
Contour interval
Gradient

5. International Date Line
CANADA
USA
Australia

6. Time Zones

8. Astrolabe
Measures the angle between the horizon and an object in the sky.

9. Definitions
Altitude – the angular distance of an object above the horizon. Celestial Sphere – A model of the nighttime sky that appears like a large dome with the highest point directly overhead called the zenith and the edge the horizon.

10. Topographic Map What does a topographic map show you?
A topographic map shows you elevation of the landscape including natural and man made features.
Examples: mountains, plateaus, river valleys, wells, plains, etc.

11. Video
Introduction to Topographic Maps

12. Constructing A
Field Map
From RegentsEarth.com

13. How to draw Isolines
An isoline is a line connecting points of equal value.

14. Rules for Drawing Isolines:
Example # 1:
1. Isolines connect points of equal value. 5 5
10
10
10
10
15
15

15. 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners.5 5
10
10
10
10
15
15

16. 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of it.

17. REVIEW ISOLINE: A line on a map connecting all points of equal value
980
980
976
980
976
Contour NTERVAL:
The
numerical distance
between isolines.
972
976
972
972
976
972
980
The interval is 4mb.
976
976
980 !
980
980

18. ------------------ --------- = ____ m/min 10-5 min 5 min.
Rate of Change
A student released a balloon and recorded data on the graph (left). According to the graph at what rate did the balloon rise from time 5 minutes to time 10 minutes?
a) 5000 m/min c) 200 m/min
b) 1000 m/min d) 50 m/min
Review
Determine Rate of Change between 5 & 10 min!
m m
= ____ m/min
10-5 min min.

19. Definitions Topography – An area’s natural and man-made surfaces.
Contour Lines – Represents relief, elevation and slope.
Elevation – height above sea level
Contour Interval – The change in elevation from one contour line to the next.

20. Definitions
Gradient – The distance between one contour line and the next shows its gradient. The gradient is the steepness of a slope.
Gradient = change in elevation (meters)
distance covered (km or miles)

21. Calculating Gradient

22. A slightly different situation:
Here we have another
contour map. Your job
is to construct a
profile along a straight
line from points A to B.
A slightly different situation:
The problem is that
the grid on which
the profile is to be
constructed is in
the answer booklet
on a completely
different page.
To make matters
worse, the line A-B
on this map is on a
slant.
What to do?

23. a) Gradient = change in field value distance covered (m)
Gradient of line x-y
a) Gradient = change in field value
distance covered (m)
___ __meters = m
? miles mi.
c) _13__m/miles

24. a) Gradient = change in field value distance covered (m)
Gradient of line x-y
a) Gradient = change in field value
distance covered (m)
___ __feet = 30 ft.
? miles mi.
c) _3.3__feet/miles

25. How To Draw
Map
PROFILES
From RegentsEarth.com

26. This topographic map
shows a region of space
(a field) as it would appear
if you were directly above it.
convert this ‘above’ view
into a side-ways view,
a graph or profile of the
region from point A to
point B.
You will need a pencil and
a ruler.
First: draw a line from
point A to point B.
At every point where line
A-B crosses a contour line
you will have to draw a line
straight down to the
corresponding line on the
grid below.

27. Make a small mark at each point where you will draw a line.
By counting these marks,
there are 16 of them, you
will know that you must draw 16 lines.
The first mark you made was
at point A. Notice that point A
is on the 200m contour line.
You must now draw a
vertical line from point A to
the 200m line on the grid
below.
The next mark is on the
300m contour line. Draw a
vertical line from that mark
to the 300m line on the grid
below.

28. Now continue to draw
straight, vertical lines from
each mark to the
appropriate line on the
grid below.
Using a pencil, connect the
bottoms of the lines. Try to
connect them with one
smooth, curving line rather
than a series of short,
straight ones.
Please notice that here
the line went above 500m
but well below 600m.
That’s because this area
of the map is above 500m
but less than 600m. We
know this because there is
no 600m contour line here.

29. The same principle applies
here.
Your line must go below
the 300m line and above
the 200m line.
That’s because if you were
standing here you would be
between the 200m and the
300m contour lines.
And again, if you were here
your altitude would be more
than 600m but less than
800m (there is no 800m
contour line on this map).
Therefore you must be
careful to make your line
here go above 600m and
below 800m.
Make it OBVIOUS! Make
your lines go in the middle
between the grid lines so
anyone scoring your profile
will understand.

30. NOT CAREFUL! OK. Final check. You were supposed to draw
16 lines. Did you?
Are the lines you drew
straight, parallel and
vertical?
Are all the lines drawn to
the proper grid line?
Do your peaks and valleys
go obviously between
grid lines?
Why bother checking?
Because most students
lose points not because
they don’t know how to do
this
but because they’re
NOT
CAREFUL!

31. Here we have a contour map.
Construct a
profile along a straight
line from points A to B.
Contour Map

32. STEP ONE Using the contour interval below the map, carefully label
each contour line
crossed by line A-B
with its elevation.
STEP ONE
520
530
530
520
510
520
540
510
530
Make sure you don’t
label this line
It’s not a contour line.
It’s Colden Creek.

33. STEP TWO Place a blank piece of paper (here shaded blue) over the map
just under line A-B.
STEP TWO
520
530
530
520
510
Make a small mark on
the paper by each
contour line.
520
540
510
530 A
550
Now label each mark
with the value of the
contour line it
represents. B
and label A and B
so you’ll know which
end is which.
Reminder: The number
533 is the maximum
elevation of Aurora
Hill and the triangle
marks that spot. It is
NOT a contour line
and should be ignored.

34. STEP THREE This is the grid as it appears in the answer booklet
provided with the regents.
You are to construct your
profile on this grid.
STEP THREE
Take the paper you marked
with the contour line values
and line it up below the
grid so that the ‘A’ mark on
the paper is below ‘A’ on the
grid and the ‘B’ mark on the
paper is below ‘B’ on the
grid.
Now, just as you did in the
first example, take a straight
edge and carefully make an
X on the grid correspond-
ing to each value on the
paper below. The X for points
A and B have been made for
you.

35. WELL DONE! STEP THREE Many students prefer to draw
the lines but you do not have
to. You can just put in the X’s
Now connect the X’s using
a single, smooth, curving
line.
Be sure your ‘peaks’ and
‘valleys’ go above and below grid lines just as in the first example. x x x x x x
One last check. You were
supposed to have marked
10 points on this grid. Are
they all there? x x
YES! Counting the points
marked for you (A and B)
there are 10 X’s.
WELL DONE!

36. Finding the Distance Between Two Points in New York State

37. Take out your ESRT (Earth Science Reference Tables)

38. Earth Science Reference Table Page 3 Generalized bedrock of NY State
Question: What is the distance, in miles between Ithaca and Watertown, NY?
Earth Science Reference Table Page 3
Generalized bedrock of NY State

39. Find the two cities, Ithaca and Watertown (red dots)

40. Using an index card or blank piece of paper, line up one edge between the two cities. Be accurate!

41. Make a small, straight mark on the card at the location of each city (red lines).

42. Move the card to the key. Be sure to use the “miles” side since that’s what
the question is asking for. Place one of the red marks on the 0.

43. With one of your red marks at the 0, make a mark at the end of the key
at 50 miles (see blue line).

44. Now slide the card along until the blue mark is at 0
Now slide the card along until the blue mark is at 0. Make a note that the
distance between your first red mark and the blue mark is 50 miles.

45. Make another mark at the end of the key (second blue mark) and note that
the distance between the two blue marks is another 50 miles.

46. Slide the card over until the second blue mark is on the 0
Slide the card over until the second blue mark is on the 0. Note that the
distance between the blue mark and your second red mark is another 10 miles.

47. Now just add up the miles. Ithaca is 110 miles from Watertown.

48. Things to remember
1) Read the question carefully. Be sure you know
whether you’re measuring miles or kilometers.
2) When making the marks at the cities or mountains
be sure your line is on the dot representing that city
or the triangle representing the mountain.
3) Be accurate. Make small straight marks and
keep track of distances measured at the key.
4) Go back and double check your work!

49. Vocabulary
Quantitative Observation – Observation involving or relating to measurement or count.
Qualitative Observation – Observation involving distinctions based on qualities such as color, texture, size.

50. Diagram of the Water Cycle

51. Water Cycle Diagram
                                                                                                                                                

52. Bell Work: What is the rate of change?
                      5 4 3 2 1 y2 y1 x1 x2

53. Rate of Change = Slope Example: Rate of change = Dy = D height = 5 - 2
Dx D time
= 3 meters = _______ m/min.
2 minutes

54. Unit 1: Need to Know What is the evidence that Earth is a sphere?
Polaris
Latitude and Longitude
Vocabulary List
Page 3 of ESRT, Lat./Long. of cites in NYS
Pages 4 & 5 of ESRT, Lat./Long. on Globe
1º = 60 “minutes”
Steps to Draw a Topographic Profile
Steps to Draw Isolines
Steps to draw a profile map

55. Direct Relationship

56. Inverse Relationship or indirect

57. Dynamic Equilibrium
A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system.
AFTER
BEFORE

58. Density
Density = mass (g)
v0lume (cm3)

59. Density Example Density = mass (g) v0lume (cm3) Dy = y2-y1 Dx x2-x1
g = 100 = ____ g/cm3
30-10 cm

60. Lithosphere - LAND Lithosphere
Layer of rock forming outer shell of Earth. Includes the crust and part of the mantle.
Lithosphere - LAND

61. Shape of the Earth The Earth is shaped like a oblate spheroid.
(4) Slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

62. Interacting Earth Systems
LAND WATER LIFE AIR

63. Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.
Provides living things with oxygen & carbon dioxide.
The ozone layer in the atmosphere blocks potentially harmful radiation.

64. Geosphere
The rocks, mountains, beaches and all the other physical features (except water) make up the geosphere.
The mantle and core are also part of the geosphere.
Core – generates Earth’s magnetic field.
Mantle – source of lava that pours from volcanoes.

65. Biosphere The living things on our planet make up the biosphere.
i.e. single-celled protozoans, redwood trees, people.

66. Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere contains all the water in the Earth system.
oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater
water in the ice and snow
2. Only about 3% of the Earths’ water is fresh.
3. All the water on Earth is continually recycled.

67. Latitude – Longitude Lines
Prime Meridian
90oE
180oE
180oW
90oW 0o
90oN
90oN
North Pole
60oN
30o N
Longitude Lines
Equator 0o
30oS
60oS
90oS
South Pole
90oS
Latitude Lines

68. Videos Latitudes and Longitude

69. Write the Latitude First!
Vocabulary
Latitude - tells you how far way you are from The equator you are and it is measured in degrees North or South for 0o to 90o.
2. Longitude is how far away you are from the Prime Meridian and is measured in degrees East or West from 0o to 180o.
Write the Latitude First!
43o9’N, 77o35’W

70. a) 0o latitude –
Equator
b) 0o longitude –
Prime Meridian

71. 0o NW NE
Prime Meridian
Equator 0o SW SE

72. Time Zones

73. NYS Reference Tables p. 1

74. ESRT p. 10 Properties of Earth’s Interior

75. NYS Reference Tables p. 14
p. 4 p.

76. Steps to Success
Write your plan down.
Do you have a mantra?
Write one and recite it daily.
Create your atmosphere.
Who are the people in your life?
Stay away from those that bring you down.
Utilize your resources; value interdependence.
Bet on yourself.
What is your frame of mind?
Talk positively to yourself.
Do not let anyone else control your mind.
“If someone else has my mind, they have me, but if I have my mind, I WIN!!”   
10% of life is what happens to me…..90% is how I respond!