1. Kingdom Animalia – all animals are multicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls and share the first few steps of early embryology

2. Animals are very diverse in form, organization, and complexity from the simplest invertebrates to more complex vertebrates –Most animals (>95%) are inverts –Aside from very successful insects, most animals are marine –Diverse morphologies, habitats, and adaptations

3. Prokaryotes –Domain Bacteria –Domain Archaea Eukaryotes –Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi –Chytridiomycota –Phylum Zygomycota –Phylum Basidiomycota –Phylum Ascomycota Kingdom Animalia –Phylum Porifera –Phylum Cnidaria –Phylum Ctenophora –Phylum Platyhelminthes –Phylum Nemertea –Phylum Nematoda –Phylum Rotifera –Phylum Mollusca –Phylum Annelida –Phylum Arthropoda –Phylum Echinodermata –Phylum Chordata

4. Phylum Porifera Sponges Habitat –Mostly marine, few freshwater –sessile Suspension filter feeders Cellular level (lacks true tissues and organs) Body plan = asymmetrical

5. Although sponges lack true tissues they still carry out specific functions – at the cellular level –Porocytes: water canal –Pinacocytes: flat protective cells –Choanocytes: “collar cells” capture food (plankton) –Amebocytes: transport food; differentiate into other cells –Spicules: siliceous or calcareous skeletal structures

6. Poriferan body plans

7. Sponges, like many organisms, can reproduce asexually and sexually. –Asexual budding –Sexual broadcast spawn

8. Sponges, as simple as they are, show diverse adaptations and organization to varied environments Examples of these varied body plans include: –Tropical to temperate encrusting –Subtropical bath sponges –Deep water glass sponge

9. Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia) Are nearly all marine and include jellyfish, sea anemones, & coral which all share radial symmetry and specialized cells for predatory feeding

10. Cnidarians are at the tissue level of organization …yet only two true derived tissues. 2 layers –Epidermis and gastrodermis –Mesoglea is middle jelly layer rather than a true tissue Closer, but not yet… Recall: Gastrulation (Infolding of the blastula) Forming a primitive gut & embryonic tissues –Endoderm  lining of gut/organs –Mesoderm  muscle, bone, connective tissue –Ectoderm  skin, hair, nails, nervous tissue Cnidarian gut is described as gastrovascular cavity w/extracellular digestion

11. Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms: medusa (swimming) and polyp (attached) Furthermore… Polyp forms can be either solitary (individual polyps) or colonial (integrated of many polyp types) Cnidarian life-cycles can include alternations of medusa and polyp generations.

12. Phylum Cnidaria is organized into 4 classes: Class Hydrozoa Greek: multi-serpent-headed water beast –Individual polyps –colonies of specialized polyps Feeding Reproductive Defense Sessile colonies Drifting colonies

13. Class Scyphozoa with dominant medusae stage –Examples Sea Nettle Moon Jelly Upside-down Jelly Class Cubozoa –Tropical –Potent toxins

14. Class Anthozoa Solitary or colonial polyps w/out medusae stage –Sea anemones Some with zooxanthellae symbionts –Photosynthesizing protists –Corals CaCO3 skeletons Environmentally valuable reefs Extremely susceptible to negative impacts –Pollution, increased temp., etc

15. Phylum Ctenophora Comb jellies Marine planktonic predators that use 8 rows of ciliary combs or ctenes to swim Instead of cnidocytes, have tentacles with colloblasts to capture prey –Adhesive, non-stinging cells

16. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms Bilateral symmetry Organ level –Except no circulatory Cerebral ganglia –Simple brain Reproduction: –Asexual (simple regeneration) –Sexual Most are hermaphrodites Include free-living (self foraging) & parasitic lifestyles

17. Flatworms have 3 distinct tissue layers – gave rise to a more complex digestive system This closed digestive system is described as an incomplete gut rather than a complete gut Acoelomic (w/out coelom or protective gut cavity)

18. Parasitic flatworms find a host to feed from than spend much of their resources on reproduction Chinese liver fluke - Opisthorchis sinensis

19. Opisthorchis lifecycle

20. Schistosoma Female

21. Similar to this mammal tapeworm example, marine tapeworms are internal parasites to fish and marine mammals. “…as dense as seaweed forests, that live in the guts of sharks.”

22. Cestoda

23. Cestoda scolexes

24. Cestode proglottid 2 Testes Ovary Yolk gland

25. Phylum Nemertea Ribbon worms “not flat, nor round” Advanced organ system over flat worms –Circulatory system –Complete gut –Between Acoelomates & Pseudocoelomates Rhynchocoel: partial cavity around proboscis Eversible proboscis

26. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Bit more space for more complex development Complete gut pseudocoelomates Varied environments, size, & lifestyles –Aquatic to terrestrial –Free-living to parasitic Marine sediments (feed on bacteria) Parasitic to most marine animals & many others Reproduction –Primarily sexual One of the biggest marine parasites measures 13 meters and is two centimeters in diameter …found in the placenta of the sperm whale.

27. Trichinella

28. Enterobius female

29. Ascaris Censored

30. Ascaris female x.s.

31. Ascaris male x.s.

32. Phylum Rotifera Microscopic, yet multicellular, organ-level aquatic animals Ciliated crown (“wheel”) to funnel food Pharyngeal grinding structure (mastax) Complete gut Pseudocoelomates Reproduce –Sexually …or… –Parthenogenesis (“virgin birth”) Females  eggs  female offspring (w/out fertilization)

33. Phylum Mollusca Very diverse group of soft body inverts that include Gastropods (Snails, slugs), Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels), and Cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus) examples within this phylum are found in diverse environments: Marine, freshwater, moist land and, share characteristics such as… Open circulatory system –central blood cavity rather than highly branched blood vessels Mantle for protection –Secretes shell, provides space for gills and siphons Locomotive muscular “foot” Well developed Nervous system …in most

34. Class Gastropoda “stomach footed” Mantle –Tissue that secretes shell Radula –Rows of rasping teeth for grazing –Modified in predators

35. Cone shells Single harpoon tooth –evolved from rowed ancestors –filled with paralyzing venom Conotoxins –Medical value for specific neural & muscle treatment –Addictive-free pain killers

36. Class Bivalvia Clams, oysters, mussels… Suspension filter feeders –Incurrent & excurrent siphons Spade-foot for locomotion Two valves (shells) secreted by mantle –Held closed by powerful adductor muscles

37. Class Polyplacophora –Chitons Graze on microalgae 8 overlapping plates Class Scaphopoda –Tusk shells Open at both ends Deeper benthic sand/mud

38. Class Cephalopoda Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus Shell: internal, external, or lacking Well developed nervous system Most adapted for active predatory lifestyle

39. Class Cephalopoda (cont.) Muscular foot modified to arms &/or tentacles –Siphon for locomotion Hydropropulsion Ink sac or gland –defense Chromatophores –Adjustable pigment cells Conotoxins in some

40. Reproduction Most are separate sexes Some free spawners –bivalves Most develop from: –Trochophore larva Ring of cilia –Veliger larva Ciliated mass Some parasitic larva –Glochidia larva of some fresh water clams

41. Phylum Annelida Segmented worms –Earthworms –Polychaetes –Leeches Repetitive body parts Hydrostatic skeleton –Flexibility and strength Coelomates Longitudinal & circular muscles Closed circulatory system Excretory organs Marine, moist land, and some freshwater Bilateral symmetry Some parasitic

42. Earthworm dissected

43. Nereis Class Polychaeta Adaptations to predatory lifestyle –Eyes, tentacles, jaws, etc Coelom –Protective gut cavity Parapodia –w/setae –Respiratory, nervous, and locomotion

44. Phylum Annelida phylogenetically placed between Mollusca and Arthropoda –Trocophore larva –segmentation

45. Phylum Onychophora “walking worms” … or velvet worms –Tropical predator Link between annelids and arthropods –Walking appendages –Lacks exoskeleton –Antennae –Soft segmented body, yet chitinous –Arthropod-like circulatory system

46. Phylum Arthropoda Examples (whether aquatic or terrestrial) include Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centipedes – all of which possess a hard chitinous exoskeleton –Replaced via molting Jointed bilateral appendages Segmented body Open circulatory system Many marine crustaceans –Two pairs of antennae –gills

47. Subphylum Trilobita

48. Subphylum Chelicerata Chelicera –First pair of oral appendages Scorpion pinchers Spider fangs Lack antennae Book gills or book lungs Typically four pairs of walking legs 2 body regions –Cephalothorax & abdomen

49. Class Merostomata

50. Class Arachnida

51. Order Scorpiones

52. Order Uropygi

53. Order Aranae

54. Order Opiliones

55. Order Acari

57. Subphylum Crustacea Includes: fairy shrimp, copepods, barnacles, decapods (shrimps, lobsters, crabs), isopods, and amphipods Two body regions –Cephalothorax & abdomen Two pairs of antennae At least 4 prs of walking legs

58. Class Branchiopoda “gill feet” Many thoracic appendages –Swimming –…and modified as gills Primarily freshwater Examples –Fairy shrimp –Water flea

59. Class Copepoda Very abundant plankton Biramous appendages Long first antennae

60. Class Cirripedia Barnacles Suspension feeders –Cirri (also for respiration) Protected by calcareous plates Free-swimming larvae –Nauplius

61. Other Crustaceans… Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Shrimps, crabs, lobsters… 5 pairs walking legs –Thoracic pereopods –1 st pr as cheliped 5 pairs abdominal appendages –Pleopods or swimmerets

62. Crayfish dissection

63. Order Amphipoda & Order Isopoda Laterally flattened Shrimp-like Dorsal-ventrally flattened

64. Subphylum Uniramia Unbranched appendages Or… 2 Subphylums: –Myriapoda –Hexapoda Class Insecta Very diverse and abundant Head, thorax, abdomen Compound and simple eyes Spiracles rather than lungs –Open canals – “ram respiration”

65. Development & Metamorphosis Feeding maggot larval stage; pupa; adult Gradual development sub-adults to adults

66. Order Anoplura (head louse and nit)

67. Anoplura (crab louse)

68. Order Coleoptera Beetles Sheath wing –Forewings hard and leathery –Hindwings membranous

69. Order Dermaptera Earwigs “skin-fasten” –Ear shape of hindwing Are not known to crawl into ears

70. Order Diptera Flies; mosquitos Dominant forewings 2 nd pair very different –Reduced to tiny halters or vibrating balancers –For equilibrium

71. Order Hymenoptera Bees; wasps; ants “membrane-wings” –Hindwings reduced and attached to 1 st Male ants keep wings, mate with queen Female ants are wingless, sterile, workers

72. Order Hemiptera True bugs –Stink bugs; waterstriders “half-wing” –Forewing is leathery in the front but membranous in the rear

73. Order Homoptera Aphids; leaf hoppers; cicadas “same-wings” –Both pairs membranous –Folds parallel over abdomen

74. Order Isoptera Termites “equal-wing” –2 pair of equal size –Lost at maturity

75. Order Lepidoptera Moths and butterflies “scaly or rough- wing” –2 pair covered in scales

76. Order Odonata Dragonflies and damselflies 2 pr elongated membranous wings –perpendicular to thorax –parallel to thorax Dominant aquatic nymph stage (“see- swimming)

77. Order Orthoptera Grasshoppers; crickets; cockroach; praying mantis “straight or correct- wing” –Forewings leathery

78. Order Siphonaptera Fleas Wings absent Piercing/sucking parasitic mouthparts

79. Subphylum Myriapoda Class Chilopoda & Diplopoda Centipedes 1 pair of appendages per segment Dorso-ventrally flattened Predatory lifestyle Millipedes 2 pair of appendages per segment Circular rather than flattened Herbivorous

80. Deuterostomes Anus first, mouth second Radial cleavage Enteroceoelous rather than schizoceolous Indeterminate blastomeres Ventral heart Dorsal nerve cord

81. Phylum Echinodermata “Spiny skin” All marine; mostly benthic (sea floor) Radial symmetry Some regenerate asexually 5 classes –Crinoidea--feather stars and sea lilies –Asteriodea--sea stars –Ophiuroidea--brittle stars and basket stars –Echinoidea--sand dollars and sea urchins –Holothuroidea--sea cucumbers Water vascular system –Tube feet

82. Water vascular system w/ tube feet

83. Lophophorates Lophophore = unique ciliated feeding structure Bryozoans –Colonial moss animals –Secrete CaCO3 Brachiopods –Two valves (shells) Chaetognaths –Lophophore modified –Aggressive pelagic predators (plankton)

84. Phylum Chordata Invertebrate chordates examples –Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates, sea squirts, ascidians –Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets Share 4 “chordate” characteristics Notochord –Flexible rod-like structure Dorsal nerve cord –Tube for nerves Pharyngeal gill slits –Respiration and feeding Post-anal tail –Reabsorbed in some species