1. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

2. Scientific Revolution
The roots of the Scientific Revolution can be found in the Renaissance with the work of Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey and other scientists. It rejected traditional authority and church teachings in favor of the direct observation of nature. The revolution in science was based on the new scientific method – in which people observed nature, made hypotheses through experiments.
State the problem
Gather information
Form a hypothesis, or educated guess
Experiment to test the hypothesis
Record and analyze data
State a conclusion
Repeat the steps

3. Major Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution Causes:
Knowledge acquired from translated works of Muslims scholars during the Crusades
Classical Greek and Roman manuscripts were circulated by the printing press
The Age of Exploration and the its focus on navigation led to greater research in mathematic and science

4. First to propose a heliocentric model of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus

5. Francis Bacon Scientific Method
Stressed experimentation and observation
Wanted science to make life better for people
Francis Bacon

6. Proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system
His views were not supported by the Roman Catholic Church and he was tried for heresy
Galileo Galilei

7. Rene Descartes “Father of Modern Philosophy”
cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”)
Rene Descartes

8. Discovered the nature of elements and compounds, the basis of modern chemistry
Explained how volume, temperature, and gas pressure affects each other
Robert Boyle

9. Isaac Newton Devised principles to explain universal gravitation
Adapted the ideas of Galileo in three laws of motion
“for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
Help develop a new branch of math called calculus
Isaac Newton

10. Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.
Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
Laws that govern human nature
Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

11. Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu

12. Hobbes: Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.
To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.
Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.
Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good
Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property
People form governments to protect natural rights
Best government was one with limited power
If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

13. JOHN LOCKE Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good
Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property
People form governments to protect natural rights
Best government was one with limited power
If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

14. Separation of Powers
Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government
British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)
Each branch of government should be
able to ‘check’ the other two
What government does this sound like?

15. Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society
Detested the slave trade and slavery
Deplored religious prejudice
Defended freedom of speech
Attacked divine right theory
Urged education for all
Hated unequal distribution of property
Believed governments should be freely elected
Women’s first duty was to her family

16. Enlightenment Changes Society
Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms) Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)

17. William Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769)
best-known description of the doctrines of English law; it became the basis of university legal education in England and North America.
Established the standard for American Law

18. Enlightenment: Music & Art

19. Baroque vs. Rococo Baroque: Rococo: During time of absolute monarchs
Grand & complex; painting were huge, colorful, & full of excitement
Glorified historic battles or lives of saints
Matched the grandeur of European courts
Rococo:
mid-1700s
Personal, elegant, charming, delicate
Rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets

20. Baroque or Rococo?

21. Baroque or Rococo?

22. Enlightenment Music: from Baroque to Classical
New kinds of musical entertainment evolved during this era – ballets and operas
Music followed ordered, structured forms suited to the Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

23. Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750
Baroque Period - wrote complex, beautiful religious works for organ and choirs
Works include the Brandenburg Concertos, Fugue in C Minor, Fugue in D Minor

24. George Frederick Handel 1685-1759
Baroque Period - wrote Water Music for King George I of England
Most famous work, the Messiah, is a standard at Christmas and Easter

25. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791
Classical Period - wrote over 600 works including brilliant operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined a new style of composition (see p. 454)
Works include Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro

26. Ludwig van Beethoven
Classical Period-regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart
Completely deaf by his 30s, he continued to compose, conduct, and perform
Works include Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 9 (Ode to Joy), Für Elise, Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)