1. Universal Gravitation

2. Projectile Motion revisited
How do the paths of a bullet fired from a gun horizontally and a baseball thrown horizontally compare?
Which will hit the ground first?
Which will go farther?

3. What if…
What if the speed of an object is so great, that it is able to get past the Earth before it “lands”?
Picture a cannonball being fired from the top of a mountain.

4. Orbit
The Moon orbits the Earth because it is really “falling around the Earth”
It is going so fast, that instead of falling and hitting the surface (like a cannonball), it continues to fall around the Earth.

5. Isaac Newton
Supposedly, Newton came up with all of this while sitting under an apple tree

6. 20 years later…
20 years later after Newton invented and developed calculus to help explain his theory, he came back to this problem and achieved the final version of the law of universal gravitation.

7. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
The force of gravity depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.
The greater the mass, the greater the force
The greater the distance, the less the force

8. Mathematically
Note: We will NOT be doing any calculations with this formula. We just need to understand the universal force law qualitatively.

9. Gravitational Constant
G is the force between two 1 kg masses separated 1 meter.
The force is Newtons
That is really, really, really small.
In other words, two students will not be attracted to each other due to gravity because their masses are too small.

10. How G was found
Englishman, Henry Cavendish, 150 years after Newton’s discovery used a torsion balance

11. How G was found a 2nd time
Phillip von Jolly use a balance hung above a very heavy lead ball.
The smaller mass was attracted to the larger ball and then the amount of weight used to balance out the scale is equal to the gravitational force.

12. Field forces
So far we have only talked about contact forces, ie forces that must be in contact to cause an acceleration.
Field forces are forces that can act over a distance.
Gravity is a field force.
Can you name other field forces?

13. Butter Gun Picture working at very busy restaurant.
Image a gun that is able to shoot out a perfect amount of butter onto all areas of one piece of toast with a thickness of 1mm.
What if we double the distance of the toast and shoot again?
The area is 4x as much, but the butter is 1/4mm thick now.

14. Inverse-square law
As the distance increases, the strength of the force of a field force will decrease with the square of the distance.
For example: Triple the distance will be 1/9 the strength.

15. Never Zero
Looking at the equation for Universal Gravity, no matter how large the distance is from the object, the force will never be zero!
That means that even if you are in the farthest reaches of the universe, the force due to the Earth on you would never be zero
… just very small

16. Perturbation
Planets have a nice smooth orbit until they are close to another planet.
This deviation from normal orbits is called perturbation.