1. CIS 601 MATLAB First Impressions

2. MATLAB This introduction will give Some basic ideas Main advantages and drawbacks compared to other languages

3. MATLAB What Is MATLAB? MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) high-performance language for technical computing computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to- use environment Typical uses include: Math and computation Algorithm development Modelling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

4. MATLAB Matlab is an INTERPRETED language …with all the advantages and drawbacks ! …there is a Matlab Compiler, but it’s not worth too much in terms of speed Matlab takes care of the usual programming overhead, e.g. memory allocation, datatype conversion, parameters by value/reference … with all the advantages and drawbacks ! Matlab is NOT object oriented, although there are some attempts to extend it

5. MATLAB Matlab is able to cooperate with other languages, e.g. C, C++ JAVA Fortran

6. Why MATLAB A good choice for vision program development because: Easy to do very rapid prototyping Easy to learn, well documented A good library of image processing functions Excellent display capabilities Widely used for teaching and research in universities and industry Another language to impress your boss with !

7. Why not MATLAB Has some drawbacks: Slow for some kinds of processes Not geared to the web Not designed for large-scale system development

8. MATLAB Components MATLAB consists of: The MATLAB language a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. The MATLAB working environment the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer, including tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling Handle Graphics the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two- dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. …(cont’d)

9. MATLAB Components … The MATLAB function library. a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms as well as special image processing related functions The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API) a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

10. MATLAB Some facts for a first impression Everything in MATLAB is a matrix ! again: MATLAB is an interpreted language, no compilation needed (but possible) again: MATLAB does not need any variable declarations, no dimension statements, has no packaging, no storage allocation, no pointers Programs can be run step by step, with full access to all variables, functions etc.

11. What does Matlab code look like? A simple example: a = 1 while length(a) < 10 a = [0 a] + [a 0] end What’s the output ?

12. What does Matlab code look like? A simple example: a = 1 while length(a) < 10 a = [0 a] + [a 0] end which prints out Pascal’s triangle: 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1 (with “a=” before each line).

13. What does Matlab code look like? Another simple example : t = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(t); plot(t,y)

14. What does Matlab code look like? Another simple example: t = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(t); plot(t,y) Remember: EVERYTHING IN MATLAB IS A MATRIX ! creates 1 x 200 Matrix Argument and result: 1 x 200 Matrix

15. Matrices !

16. Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1 Matlab matrices are of various types to hold different kinds of data (usually floats or integers) A single number is really a 1 x 1 matrix in Matlab! Matlab variables are not given a type, and do not need to be declared Any matrix can be assigned to any variable

17. Matrices Building matrices with [ ]: A = [2 7 4] A = [2; 7; 4] A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9] B = [ A A ] 274 2 7 4 274 389 ?

18. Matrices Building matrices with [ ]: A = [2 7 4] A = [2; 7; 4] A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9] B = [ A A ] 274 2 7 4 274 389 274 389 274 389

19. Matrices

20. Some operators must be handled with care: A = [1 2 ; 4 5] B = A * A prints 9 12 24 33 B = A.* A prints1 4 16 25 Element by element multiplication

21. Submatrices A matrix can be indexed using another matrix, to produce a subset of its elements: a = [100 200 300 400 500 600 700] b = [3 5 6] c = a(b): 300 500 600

22. Submatrices To get a subsection of a matrix, we can produce the index matrix with the colon operator: a(2:5) prints ans = 200 300 400 500 This works in 2-D as well, e.g. c(2:3, 1:2) produces a 2 x 2 submatrix. The rows and columns of the submatrix are renumbered.

23. loops ‘for’ loops in MATLAB iterate over matrix elements: b = 0 for i = [ 3 9 17] b = b + i; end Result:29 Note: THIS IS NOT THE WAY YOU SHOULD PROGRAM A SUM, SINCE LOOPS ARE SLOW IN MATLAB !

24. loops ‘for’ loops in MATLAB iterate over matrix elements: b = 0 for i = [ 3 9 17] b = b + i; end Result:29 The MATLAB way to write that program would have been: b = sum([ 3 9 17]); Avoid loops if possible !

25. % Example for runtime difference of loops and built in functions a=rand(10000,1000); % Matrix with 10000000 (1e7) elements tic theSum=0; for i=1:size(a,1) for j=1:size(a,2) theSum = theSum + a(i,j); end toc fprintf('result of loop: %f\n',theSum); tic theSum=sum(a(:)); toc fprintf('result of loop: %f\n',theSum); ----------------------------------------------- Elapsed time is 0.203000 seconds. result of loop: 4999093.175950 Elapsed time is 0.078000 seconds. result of loop: 4999093.175950 loops Here: Speed up factor 2.6

26. loops The typical ‘for’ loop looks like: for i = 1:6 … end Which is the same as: for i = [1 2 3 4 5 6] … end

27. loops Or a bit more sophisticated: for i = 1:2:7 … end Which is the same as: for i = [1 3 5 7] … end

28. loops Once again: AVOID LOOPS

29. Avoiding loops How to avoid loops: Task: count the elements being greater than 5 in the following matrix M: 274 389 274 389

30. The non-MATLAB way: counter=0 For rows=1:2 For columns=1:6 if M(rows,columns) > 5 inc counter end Avoiding loops

31. The MATLAB way: T = M > 5; Count = sum (T(:)) ; Or shorter: Count = sum(M(:) > 5); Avoiding loops

32. Another example, showing the mighty INDEXING possibilities : Task: eliminate the whitespaces in the following vector M Avoiding loops ABCDABCD

33. i = find (M ~= ‘ ‘); % result: i=[1 3 4 6] M = M(i); Or shorter: M=M(find(M ~= ‘ ‘); Avoiding loops ABCDABCD

34. survivingSubSegs = pointDensity >= minDensity; diffSubSegs = diff([0 survivingSubSegs 0]); startSeg = find(diffSubSegs == 1); endSeg = find(diffSubSegs == -1) - 1; Avoiding loops An example how to work without loops, taken from the EMSF algorithm for line detection What’s the purpose ?

35. Images So why MATLAB and IMAGE PROCESSING ?

36. Images Images can be treated as matrices !

37. Images Loading an image: a = imread(‘picture.jpg’); imshow(a);

38. Images Image (=matrix) size: size(a): 384 512 3 R G B 384 512

39. Images Color image: 3D Matrix of RGB planes

40. Images Show RED plane: a(:,:,2:3) = 0; imshow(a);

41. Images Show GREEN plane: a(:,:,[1 3]) = 0; imshow(a);

42. Images Show BLUE plane: a(:,:,1:2) = 0; imshow(a);

43. Images Advanced: Shuffling columns rn = rand(1,512); [rn1,i] = sort(rn); b = a(:,i,:); imshow(b);

44. Images

45. By the way… MATLAB can also handle Movies 3D objects …

46. Conclusion MATLAB is a mighty tool to manipulate matrices Images can be treated as matrices MATLAB is a mighty tool to manipulate images

47. In my opinion… MATLAB should be used to code software prototypes Research is mostly about prototypes, not runtime-optimized software MATLAB should be used in research

48. In my opinion… MATLAB prototypes must be re- coded (e.g. in C++) if there’s need for speed Algorithm development time is drastically shorter in MATLAB

49. Conclusion CONCLUSION: Use MATLAB

50. How to go on MATLAB is exceptionally well documented: Opening help/MATLAB help/Getting started help/MATLAB help/Using MATLAB Offers help to the environment, programming concepts, function libraries etc.

51. How to go on The ‘help ’ command shows the first comment- lines of the function given by the m- file. ‘Doc’ does the same, but nicer (html-style, graphics, examples)

52. How to go on The TAB key automatically extends commands given. This is sometimes helpful if the function name should be obvious: Task: sort the rows of the matrix A Idea: there could be a function named ‘sortXXXX’ Type: ‘sort + TAB’ Result: sort,sortcellchar,sorted,sortiv,sortrows, sortrowsc

53. How to go on Result: sort,sortcellchar,sorted,sortiv,sortrows, sortrowsc This looks promising ! ‘help sortrows’ will exclude doubt: SORTROWS Sort rows in ascending order. Y = SORTROWS(X) sorts the rows of the matrix X in ascending order as a group. X is a 2-D numeric or char matrix. For a char matrix containing strings … (+usage, examples etc.)

54. How to go on Another helpful command is ‘lookfor’: ‘lookfor ’ looks for the string in all first comments lines (the ones shown by the ‘help’ command) of ALL functions, returning functions with a hit. e.g. ‘lookfor sort’:

55. How to go on e.g. ‘lookfor sort’: bestof.m: %BESTOF(index,names,M,n, ) returns the sorted comparison values of polygon(index) + filenames CPLXPAIR Sort numbers into complex conjugate pairs. ISSORTED True for sorted vector. SORT Sort in ascending order. SORTROWS Sort rows in ascending order. RTMDLSORTFLDS is a RTW support function. DSORT Sort complex discrete eigenvalues in descending order. ESORT Sort complex continuous eigenvalues in descending order. DSPBLKSORT DSP Blockset sort block helper function. UISORTDATA GUI for sorting matrices by row XREGLVSORTER Function to sort items in listview sortiv.m: % function [out,err] = sortiv(in,sortflg,nored,epp) EIGFUN Function to return sorted eigenvalues (used in GOALDEMO). V2SORT Sorts two vectors and then removes missing elements. …

56. How to go on Note: …a creative search using the right topics with ‘lookfor’ can save a lot of time. MATLAB comes with mostly all basic things you can think of. Search before you program ! … a Google search ‘MATLAB +topic’ is sometimed an unbelievably satisfying source of time-saving program collections.

57. How to go on Now: browse the documentation ! read sample codes ! simply browse the list of functions (doc) Try and type some lines, use the graphics !