1. Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

2. Presentation outline Market review Technology review International R&D Building-related R&D Conclusions

3. World demand for small air conditioners and heat pumps

4. Heat pump market (2000) Region Residential Commercial/institutional Europe 4.5 million> 1.5 million USA 15 million 4 million Asia 87 million 10 million World110 million 15 million

5. Market characteristics Europe Widely diverse Different maturity Early stage of development (except: SE, ES, I, GR) Relevant factors: climate co-existence cooling/heating demand electricity/fossil fuel price ratio

6. Residential heat pump market Europe CountrySize range (1999) NL, NO, UK, FI500 - 25,000 DK, CH25,000 - 60,000 AT, F60,000 - 150,000 DE. GR, I, ES, SE> 150,000

7. Annual sales residential heat pumps CountrySales (1999) DK, FI, NL, UK500 - 1,000 AT, DE, NO1,000 - 5,000 F, CH5,000 - 10,000 SE20,000 ES, GR90,000 I135,000

8. Heat pump technology Electric compression: virtually all appliances Gas absorption: field test/limited available Refrigerants: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-407C, HFC- 410A and hydrocarbons (Europe)

9. Heat pump heat sources Air-cooled (Air-to-air): 77% Ground-coupling growing (CH, SE, AT: 40, 65, 82%) Ventilation air (NO, SE: 41, 30%)

10. Heat pump heat sinks Air (Mediterranean countries) Water floor/wall radiators fan coils

11. Heat pump space heating World0 - 10% Japan28% Europe0 - 5%

12. International heat pump R&D EC IEA ASHRAE 21-CR (ARTI) ECO Energy City Project (Japan)

13. Driving forces for R&D Environmental concern and international agreements: MP; KP (governments/societies/industry/utilities) (Lack of) energy resources/energy efficiency (governments/societies) Market share (industry) Retaining customers (utilities) in common: CHANGE

14. Key areas for heat pump R&D Working fluids N.America/Japan (Parts of) Europe Performance improvement Initial cost reduction Proper design and installation Indoor environmental quality Widening of application

15. Main R&D thrust USA/Japan US Energy efficiency and maximising energy productivity New refrigerants (minimum loss), absorption technology; ground source systems, ARTI: 21-CR Japan Ice/water thermal storage heat pumps EEC (recovery, conversion, transport, controls etc.)

16. IEA Framework

17. IEA heat pump R&D Annex 25: Year-round residential space conditioning systems using heat pumps Annex 26: Advanced supermarket refrigeration/heat recovery systems Annex 27: Selected issues on CO 2 as working fluid in compression systems Annex 28: Sorption heat recovery systems - market and environmental impact for cooling and heating

18. 21 CR R&D programme - ARTI Alternatives for compression cycles for HVAC&R High-efficiency components (materials, HX etc.) System integration (controls, building elements etc.) Indoor environmental quality Environmentally sound refrigerants

19. ECO Energy City concept - Japan

20. ECO Energy City project Waste heat powered double-effect metal hydrate heat pump for 45ºC and 7ºC (Matsushita) Multi-fuel gas cycle (helium) heat pump system for -10ºC, 7ºC, 45ºC and 80ºC (Kubota) Residential air-source heat pump for heating and cooling using natural refrigerants (Hitachi) Ice making heat pumps (hybrid and absorption)

21. Building-related heat pump R&D (1) Optimised heat pump operation through integral controls (SE) Pulse width modulation controls (CH) Standardised hydronic heat distribution systems (CH) Swiss retrofit heat pump (CH) new cycles/high lift/reduced cost/controls small (natural) refrigerant charge

22. Prototype high temperature lift retrofit heat pump - CH

23. Building-related heat pump R&D (2) Residential CO 2 heat pump (NO) Commercial CO 2 heat pump water heater (70-80°C) Thermophysical properties of supercritical CO 2 in micro-channel tubes (NO) Development of 2-stage semi-hermetic CO 2 compressor (NO) Residential heating-only diffusion absorption heat pump (NL)

24. Residential diffusion absorption heat pump - NL

25. Building-related heat pump R&D (3) Residential solar assisted, ground-coupled integrated heat pump (NL) Integrated heating-only modular heat pump (NL)

26. Solar-assisted residential heat pump - NL

27. Conclusions Building-related heat pump R&D should focus on: improved, standardized equipment retrofit applications building and system integration low temperature heat distribution cost savings (equipment & installation) high indoor air quality and comfort improved deployment