1. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotechnology: BIG Ideas From Small Things Mike Davis – Harold Washington College RET Director: Northwestern University

2. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Outline  Brief Overview of Size and Scale  Making Nanoparticles  Arranging Nanoparticles  Lithography  Nanotechnology in Education  Nanostructures – Gallery

3. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotechnology - Basics  Techniques that produce, manipulate or arrange particles that are less than 100nm in their largest dimension.  One nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.  ‘1 nanometer is the length a man’s beard grows when he picks up the razor’

4. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano Buzz

5. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotechnology – Surface Particles  Individual atoms can exhibit quantum effects.  Groups of atoms can start to exhibit collective effects, but are too big to have noticeable quantum effects.  As particles get bigger, the number of particles on the surface relative to the particles in the interior gets smaller.  Nanotechnology happens when the number of particles on the surface is similar to the number of particles in the bulk.

6. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotechnology – Total number of Particles

7. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotechnology – More than a size

8. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanotech - Computing  Moore’s Law  Doubling the number of transistors on an integrated circuit every two years.  Enormous increase in computing power and memory.

9. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University iPod Nano

10. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Demonstration  Bulk properties – Liquid Phase Reaction  Surface Properties – Gas Phase Reaction

11. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Gold Nano Particles As these particles get larger, their color becomes more blue in appearance.

12. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Making Gold Nanoparticles  Chemical Reaction –Solvated form of the metal (gold or silver) –Introduction of a reducing agent (citrate or borohydride) –Slightly elevated temperature  Control over particle size (monodispersion) –Light conditions –Temperature conditions –Stabilizing media

13. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Carbon Nanotubes  Made by passing an electrical arc between two graphite rods.  Seeded by small amounts of metal.  Can be grown to specific lengths, diameters, and wall thickness.  Stronger than steel.  Electrically in some configurations. Semiconductor in other configurations. Chiral in other configurations.

14. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanoparticle Synthesis – Wet Chemical Chad Mirkin – Northwestern University

15. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano Printing Press – Micro contact Printing  A technique for modifying surfaces with a high degree of control.  Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions on a gold surface (CDRs)  Inexpensive method to demonstrate a simple process.  Commonly used technique for surface modification.

16. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano Printing Press – Microcontact Printing  Expose a gold surface on a CDR.  Pattern the surface with a hydrophilic organic molecule.  Dip the patterned surface in a solution with a hydrophobic organic molecule.  Dry the surface.  Cool the surface below the dew point.  Observe the areas where water condenses.

17. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano Printing Press  Science is based on a strong bond between gold and sulfur (thiol).  Long organic molecule ends in something either hydrophilic or hydrophobic.  Microcontact printing uses a stamp made by pouring an elastic polymer over a mask.  Finer mask, finer features, more control.

18. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Multiple Nano Features with One Mask

19. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Micro Contact Printing with Biological Samples - Whitesides

20. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanoparticle Synthesis – Surfaces Prepare a surface that has a pattern on it. Use those patterns for growing crystals. Teri Odom – Northwestern University

21. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Instrumentation – Visualizing the Nanoscale  Most nanofeatures are smaller than the visible wavelengths of light.  Can’t use visible light to determine surface features.  Electron microscopy (wavelength smaller than light)  Force micrscopy (no light used).  Tools of the trade.

22. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Scanning Tunneling Microscope  A very sharp tip is brought near a surface.  A voltage is applied between the surface and tip.  Current is measured on the surface to determine the size and shape of features.  STM can resolve features that are 0.1nm wide and 0.01nm high.  Atomic resolution.

23. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

24. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano-Analogy

25. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano – Analogy

26. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Lithographic Techniques – Solar Photography  Photo sensitive paper –Mixture of iron salts  Place an opaque object over the paper.  Expose the paper to light. –Opaque objects block out the light and expose the rest of the salts. –Exposed iron salts form an insoluble salt. –Unexposed salts are water soluble.  Remove the object.  Wash.

27. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Lithographic Techniques in Nanotech  Techniques that build nanostructures or arrays.  Bottom – up approach –Prepare areas on a surface –Utilize self assembly to build up from that point.  Top – down approach –Prepare a surface and etch into it. –Can involve some light based photochemistry.

28. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Lithographic Techniques in Nanotech – Top Down Approach  Forming arrays of nanopyramids.  Colloidal crystal of nanospheres on a surface. (Mask)  Thermally deposit metal onto the top of the surface and the sphere mask.  Remove the sphere mask.  Look at the pretty remaining structures. VanDuyne – Nanoletters 2007

29. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Colloidal Crystals – Chiang MIT 282 nm 356 nm 482 nm 424 nm

30. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Colloidal Crystals – Chiang MIT STM Images of Layers of Polystyrene Spheres on a Silicon substrate. Opals.

31. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nanolithography – Bottom Up Approach  Pattern a surface with something.  Allow other species to assemble there spontaneously.  Grow upwards from the base.  Whitesides – approach to paper based telemedicine.

32. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano in the Environment  Nanoparticles being made end up being released into the environment.  Unicellular and multicellular organisms pick up the particles.  Silver nanoparticles are antimicrobial.  What are the long term effects of exposure?

33. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano in Commercial Products  Sunscreen (TiO 2 and ZnO)  Silver in bandages.  Silver in plastic food containers.  Nanoscale fabrics on stainresistant clothing.  Carbon nanotubes in sporting equipment.  Particles in stained glass.

34. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano-Imagination - Robots

35. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano-Imagination – Robots in the Blood False – Blood Robots True – Nanoparticles to Treat Tumors

36. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano-Imagination – Reproduction

37. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano - Resources  NISE-Net: Network of Informal Educators and Researchers (nisenet.org).nisenet.org  MRS Nano Days:Free digital and physical activities for kids and adults. (nisenet.org/nanodays/2010)nisenet.org/nanodays/2010  National Lab Day: Localized resources for teachers. (Nationallabday.org)Nationallabday.org  Nanohub: Online resource for computational nanotech (nanohub.org)nanohub.org  iLabcentral: Forum for shared instrumentation. Nanotech coming. (ilabcentral.org)ilabcentral.org

38. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Nano Resources Students - REU  Summer Research Experience for Undergraduates.  Spend the summer working in a lab group.  Potential for a publication.  8 – 10 weeks.  On campus housing  Stipend ~$4,500  REU sites all over the US  www.nsec.northwestern.edu/ REU www.nsec.northwestern.edu/ REU  Applications due in Feb.

39. International Institute for Nanotechnology Nanoscale Science & Engineering Center for Integrated Nanopatterning and Detection Technologies Northwestern University Acknowledgements Kathy Cook Margaret Connolly NSF – EEC 0118025 / NSF – EEC 0647560 Questions / Concerns / Comments