1. Infancy and early childhood
CHAPTER 10
Infancy and early childhood

2. Chapter 10 section 1

3. The study of Development
is the field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout the life span.

4. Study different ages and different types of development
Physical development
Social development
Cognitive development

5. Developmental psychologist
Use 2 methods to study change:
Longitudinal
Cross sectional
Concerned with 2 general issues
Ways in which heredity and environment influences contribute to human development
Whether development occurs gradually or in stages

6. Nature vs. Nurture In your opinion which one is more important?

7. Maturation-
is the automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals.

8. Critical Period
A stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern

9. Stages
Lifting head
Rolling over
Sitting up-
Crawling
Walking
running

10. INFANCY birth to 2 years of age

11. SECTION 2 Physical development
CHAPTER 10
SECTION 2
Physical development

12. Physical Development Height and weight
Continuous growth into the late teens then certain parts of the body continue to grow
Most dramatic gains in height and weight before an infant’s birth
Double their weight -5 months
Triple their weight- 1 year
10 inches in height 1st year
4-6 inches 2nd year

13. CHILDHOOD 2 years of age through ADOLESCENCE

14. Motor Development Proceeds in stages
Various behaviors occur differently from infant to infant
U.S.A. children walk around 1 year of age
Africa children are walking at 10 months
Why is there a difference?

15. Motor development in infancy
4 month- turn to side
5 month-turn stomach to back
7/8 month- sits
9/10 month- crawls
10/11 months kneels
12/13 month- stands
13/16 month walks

16. Reflexes- inborn, not learned, and they occur automatically without thinking rooting reflex Grasping reflex

17. Perceptual development process by which infants learn to make sense of the sights, sounds, tastes and other sensations.
Seem programed to survey their environment and learn from it.
2 month olds like pictures of human faces
Like sweet things
Hearing is better than sight at birth
Why parents sing lullabies.

18. SOCIAL DEVELOPMNET
Section 3

19. Affects social development
Infants tend to play with toys by themselves even when other children are around
Affects social development
Attachment
Parenting styles
Child care
Self-esteem
Abuse and neglect

20. Attachment At birth being around any human
After 4 months infants develop attachment to their mothers
By 6-7 months the infant will cry if taken from their mothers

21. Attachment Contact comfort Imprinting
The instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft (fur or skin)
Stronger than food.
Gives a sense of security
Imprinting
Instinctive behavior process shortly after birth by which some animals form immediate attachments during a critical period

22. Anxiety Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety By 8 months of age
Cry, reach out for parent
Separation anxiety
When not being in physical contact with care giver

23. Secure vs. Insecure Happier Friendlier More cooperative
Low self-esteem
Cries more
Less cooperative

24. Styles of parenting Warm Cold Show a great deal of affection
Hug and kiss child a lot
Make child feel loved and care about
Cold
Not affectionate toward their children
Appear not to enjoy having them around
No hugging or kissing

25. Parenting style continued
Strict
Not necessarily a bad thing
Consistent and firm enforcement of rules along with warmth and support can foster achievement
Permissive
Some do not care
Some are afraid
Children are confused about acceptable behavior

26. Parenting styles continued…..
Authoritarian
Obedience for its own sake
Strict guidelines
Often cold and rejecting
Children do not do well in school
Less friendly
Authoritative
Warmth & positive kinds of strictness
More independent and achievement oriented
Friendly and go going

27. Child abuse and neglect
5% of parents admit to physical abusing their children
Beatings, hitting, kicking, burns, broken bones, and emotional abuse

28. Self-Esteem- the value or worth that people attach to themselves.
Unconditional positive regard
Parents love and accept their children no matter what
Conditional positive regard
Parents show their love only when child behaves in a acceptable way
Child will seek approval from others

29. Gender and Self Esteem Age 5 to 7
Begin to value themselves on their physical appearance and performance in school.
Girls- reading and general academic skills
Boys- math and physical skills
Feminine-Vs- Masculine
Compare themselves to peers

30. Cognitive development
Section 4

31. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
People organized new information 2 ways assimilation and accommodation

32. Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development
Assimilation
process by which new information is placed into categories that already exist
Doggie= pet poodle
Great Dane = doggie+ great Dane
Accommodation
A change brought about because new information
Doggie=cat
This needs a new category

33. Children’s thinking develops in stages
4 stages in sequence
Sensorimotor stage
Concrete Operational stage
Preoperational stage
Formal Operational stage

34. Sensorimotor stage ends at the age of 2 years
Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Moving hands and feet
Later hitting mobiles
Cause and Effect
Object permanence
(8-10 months)
Understand objects still exist even if they can not see them

35. Preoperational stage
Use of word and symbols (language) to represent objects
One dimensional thinking
Does not understand the law of conservation
Weight, volume and number do not change
Egocentrism
the inability to see another points of view
the world exist to meet their needs
Believe that rain and thunder is made by people

36. Concrete Operational stage 2-7 years old
Shows sign of adult (logical) thinking
Still hands on learning by touching, seeing, doing.
Learn abstract concepts
Understands law of conservation.
Able to see another point on view.

37. Formal Operational Stages (Final stage) Starts about puberty and represents cognitive maturity
Can think abstractly, ability to problem solve
Society’s rule of behavior

38. Criticism of Piaget’s Theory
Under estimated young children
Children today are less egocentric
Cognitive develop is more continuous than by stages

39. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
3 levels + 2 stages within

40. Pre-conventional level
stage
Moral reasoning goal
What is right 1
Avoiding punishment
Doing what is necessary to avoid punishment 2
Satisfying needs
Doing what is necessary to satisfy one’s own needs

41. Conventional level stage Moral reasoning goal What is right 1
Winning approval
Seeking maintaining the approval of others using conventional standards of right and wrong 2
Law and order
Moral judgments based on maintaining social order . High regard for Authority

42. Post Conventional stage
Moral reasoning goal
What is right 1
Social order
Obedience to laws.
Judgments based on personal values. 2
Universal ethics
Morality of individual conscience, not necessary in agreement with others

43. Criticism of Kohlberg Research Bias to boys
Boys reason at higher level of moral development
Boys raised to ague logically
Girls raised to ague with empathy