2.  kings/queens believe everything in their territory is their property  Answer only to God, not his/her subjects

3. DIVINE RIGHT : belief God created monarchy & they act as God’s representatives on earth

4.  INCREASE OF MIDDLE CLASS, DECLINE OF FEUDALISM, RISE OF CITIES  17 th C. period of huge upheaval in Europe  monarchs impose order by increasing own power  Created new gov. bureaucracies to control economic life  GOAL : be free from limitations set by nobility & Parliament; therefore rule absolutely

5.  1562–1598  Huguenots & Catholics fought 8 religious wars  Chaos in France  leads to opening for strong leaders to take over

6.  Inherits throne of France  1 st king of Bourbon Dynasty  Gave up Protestantism & became Catholic  Declared Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up houses of worship  Declaration of religious tolerance: EDICT OF NANTES  Devotes reign to restoring France’s prosperity

7. idea that nothing can be known for certain  France’s restored power leads to this intellectual movement (for French thinkers)

8.  DIEGO VELAZQUEZ —paintings showed pride of Spain’s monarchy; rich colors  DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA : 1605, called birth of modern European novel—by Miguel Cervantes  about poor Spanish nobleman who goes crazy from reading too many books on heroic knights  set out to “right every manner of wrong”

9.  Most powerful ruler in French history  Weakens nobility power; excluded from councils  Increases power of INTENDANTS : gov’t agents that collect taxes & administer justice  Spent fortune on luxurious items (meals & residence)  CHATEAU (Palace) DE VERSAILLES  weakens France  500 yards long; big statue of himself in courtyard  Center of arts during reign; now purpose of art is to glorify the king & promote values supporting Louis’s absolute rule  Attempt to expand boundaries by invading Spanish Netherlands  gained 12 towns

14.  1700, Louis’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, promised throne of Spain after Charles II’s death (no heir)  2 greatest powers in Europe now both ruled by Bourbon Family  Countries felt threatened & joined together to fight France & Spain  War of Spanish Succession  Louis dies 1715--left a mixed legacy to his country

15.  1618 – 1648: Each religion in central Europe trying to gain followers; leads to war  2 phases:  Hapsburg Triumphs: armies from Austria & Spain crush troops sent by Protestant princes; defeat German Protestants; put down Czech uprisings  Hapsburg Defeats: Protestants eventually drove Haps out of N. Germany

17. Ends war in 1648, consequences: 1) Weakened Hapsburg sts. Of Spain & Austria 2) Strengthens France – gives it German territories 3) Made German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor 4) Ended religious wars in Europe 5) Introduced new method of peace negotiation 6) Most important: abandoned idea of Catholic empire in Europe & recognized Europe as group of independent states  now equal to others

19. 1. Hapsburgs of Austria (Holy Roman Empire)  King Charles VI 2. Hohenzollerns of Prussia – enemies of Hapsburgs  King Fredrick William

20. FREDERICK WILLIAM II (THE GREAT) MARIA THERESA  Leader of Prussia  Followed father’s strict military rule, but softened laws  Wanted Austrian lands bordering Prussia; invades & begins War of Austrian Succession  WON  1756, attacked Saxony & all European allies get involved in war  Ruler of Austria  Lost war to Frederick  Tried to save face  SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756-1763  Didn’t change territories in Europe, but Britain on top  France lost colonies in N. America & gains sole domination of India

21.  IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE) crowned himself czar of Russia  had a “good period” and “bad period”  His Time of Troubles led Russian government to choose new line of rulers: Romanov Dynasty

22.  Believed Russia’s future depends on warm-water port  then could compete w/western Europe  Goal of westernization: using Europe as model for change & make Russia stronger  Russian Orthodox Church under state control  Reduced power of landowners (like Ivan IV)  Heavy taxes to pay for army of 200,000

23.  Introduced potatoes as new staple food  1 st newspaper  Women’s status increases b/c have to attend social gatherings  Nobles give up traditional clothes for western fashions  Education key to progress  Russia becoming powerful by his death in 1725