2. Metals
Most elements are metals. 88 elements to the left of the stairstep line are metals or metal like elements.

3. Physical Properties of Metals:
Luster (shininess)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
High density (heavy for their size)
High melting point
Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)
Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)

4. Chemical Properties of Metals:
Easily lose electrons (cations)
Corrode easily
React with acids

5. Nonmetals
Nonmetals are found to the right of the stairstep line. Their characteristics are opposite those of metals.

6. Physical Properties of Nonmetals:
No luster (dull appearance)
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
Brittle (breaks easily)
Not ductile
Not malleable
Low density
Low melting point

7. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals:
Tend to gain electrons (anions)

9. Metalloids
Elements on both sides of the zigzag line have properties of both metals and nonmetals. These elements are called metalloids.

10. Physical Properties of Metalloids:
Solids
Can be shiny or dull
Ductile
Malleable
Conduct heat and electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as metals

11. Alloys A homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals
 Also known as a “solid solution”
 The mixture is made by melting each metal, combining the metals, and cooling the mixture and to form a solid.
 Higher or lower density
Rust resistant (aka: oxidation resistant)

12. Properties of alloys are frequently far different from those of their constituent elements
Stronger or weaker

13. Examples of Alloys: Steel – iron, manganese, and carbon
(adding chromium – slows the rusting process, but it makes it more brittle) – used for cars and plane parts, kitchen utensils fixtures, architecture
Stainless steel – mixture of iron, nickel, and chromium – Kitchen utensils
Gold jewelry – gold, copper, and silver

14. Sterling silver – silver and a small amount of copper
Brass – copper and zinc – used for plumbing, light fixtures, ships
Bronze – copper and tin – harder than brass
Copper and Nickel Alloy – 90% Cu /10% Ni alloy requires no surface protection and hence gives extra safety, this alloy is being increasingly employed for brake and hydraulic suspension systems and cooling systems in cars and commercial vehicles.

15. Aluminum alloy - The most common foil alloys - the 1000, 3000 and 8000 series - contain between 0.5% and 1.5% iron, 0.1% and 0.7% silicon and 0.02% to 1.5% manganese. Up to 0.2% copper may be added when additional strength is required

16. Purpose of Alloys Design of rockets, spacecraft, and aircraft
materials need to be light weight, very strong, and able to sustain very high temperatures
alloys with aluminum, beryllium, and titanium
Prosthetic implants
bombarding titanium with nitrogen

17. Amalgams – mercury with other metals
old fashioned way of filling a cavity was with mercury and silver
Car parts – rims, brakes, shocks
And many others….can you think of any?

18. Element Research Project

19. Periodic Table Group or Family Period
Vertical column on the periodic table
Have similar properties
Group A elements have the same charge
Group B elements are transition elements
Period
Horizontal row
7 periods on the periodic table

20. Dmitri Mendeleev
organized the elements based on their properties and increasing atomic mass (1869)
Predicted properties for elements that were not discovered yet Ekasilicon for Germanium

21. Periodic Law
the properties of the elements repeat in a regular manner

22. Henry Mosley
reorganized the periodic table based on atomic number (1913)

23. Properties used to organize the periodic table
Atomic Mass – average of the masses of the isotopes that make up the element and their abundance (amu) Density – ratio of mass to volume (g/cm3) Melting Point – temperature at which a solid is in equilibrium with the liquid phase (Kelvin)

24. Atomic Radius – Distance from the center of an atom’s nucleus to its outermost electron (nanometer nm)
Ionization Energy – energy needed to remove one electron (kilojoules per mole kJ/mole); Form a positive charge; Metals like to form cations – low energy

25. Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract an electron (no units) Fluorine is the most electronegative atom Electron Affinity – the energy needed to add/gain one electron; Form a negative charge; Nonmetals like to form anions – low energy