1. The Enlightenment

2. Enlightenment ideas Classical Liberalism Republicanism Deism
Religious Tolerance
Individualism
Mercantilism

3. Enlightenment Ideas Rationalism Relativism Skepticism Social Contract
Scientific Revolution
Separation of Powers

4. Benjamin Franklin

5. Voltaire Religious Toleration Freedom of Expression
"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"

6. Montesquieu
Separation of Powers

7. René Descartes
“I think, therefore I am.”
Dualism

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.“
General Will
Social contract
Popular sovereignty

9. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Wrote Leviathan
Didn’t believe in Revolutions
Believed in Absolute Monarchy
Life in the state of nature would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”

10. Hobbes’ Social Contract
You would give up: Liberty In exchange for: Security

11. John Locke Wrote Two Treatises of Government
Believed in Natural Rights that come from nature or God
Those rights include: Life, Liberty (freedom), and Property
Believed in Limited Government that protected people’s Natural Rights

12. Locke’s state of nature
Tabula Rasa
You have natural rights in the state of nature:
Rights to life, health, liberty, and property
Right of self-preservation
Right to execute the law of nature
Not a state of war

13. Locke’s Social Contract
Problem: finding an impartial arbitrator— who shall be judge?
You would give up:
Your right to execute the law of nature
You gain
Impartial judgment

14. Natural and social rights
Rights to life, health, liberty, and property are natural— you have them in the state of nature
You do not give them up in the social contract
You can’t give them up they come from nature
Slavery would be wrong even if voluntary

15. Natural vs. Civil Rights
Some rights are natural, independent of government
Government derives its power from the rights individuals allow the government to control

16. The Glorious Revolution

17. America, post French & Indian War