1. MARINE POLLUTION

2. Marine Pollution
The presence of undesirable materials in the ocean environment directly or indirectly by humans that adversely effect biological resources and human beings is called as marine pollution
Causes of Marine Pollution:
Oil and petroleum spillage:
Toxic chemicals
Hazardous waste
Raw Sewage
Thermal pollution: A form of marine pollution

3. Oil And Petroleum Spillage:
Leakage of oil from oil tankers, accidental discharge in the sea and losses during off shore exploration
South Africa is greatly threatened by marine pollution as it lies on one of the world’s busiest shipping routes

4. Toxic Chemicals: Apart from heavy metals, substances such as petrol, grease, oil, pesticides, herbicides and solvents such as paint strippers
Hazardous Waste: Wastes discharged through nuclear testing, nuclear power plants, defense explosions are categorised as hazardous waste

5. Effects of Marine Pollution
Reduction in photosynthesis rate in marine pollution: High pollutant concentration makes the water turbid, decreasing the penetration of light
Decline in volume of dissolved oxygen effecting the survival of marine organisms: decrease in photosynthesis rate decreases DO.
Toxicity of water by heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium etc
Consumption of marine food collected from polluted water caused various diseases such as viral hepatitis, cholera,t yphoid and digestive problems

6. Control of Marine Pollution
By using oleic and stearic acid which helps in concentrating and removing oil pollution: The bacterium Pseudomonas putida known as super bug effectively eliminates oil spills. Ships should be maintained properly and serviced regularly to prevent oil leakage.
By recycling pollutants of solid waste such as plastic, glass,metal,papers etc
By establishing marine protected areas,
By ensuring maintenance and proper security of ships
Disposal of poisonous substances in the sea must be stopped by enforcing strict laws.