1. Water & Water Pollution RAD Guide September 10, 2015September 10, 2015September 10, 2015

2. Explain how natural disasters can leave communities w/o fresh H 2 O. Earthquakes destroy pipes, floods mix sewage with fresh water Earthquakes destroy pipes, floods mix sewage with fresh water Unpotable: water that is unsafe to drink Unpotable: water that is unsafe to drink

3. How many liters of H 2 O does the average person in US use daily? 300 L 300 L

4. How much of H 2 O that’s used by people does industry use? How does lack of H 2 O affect industry? 44% 44% Availability of water affects where a company can relocate  generates jobs in community it chooses Availability of water affects where a company can relocate  generates jobs in community it chooses

5. How much of H 2 O people use does agriculture use? Define irrigation. 47% 47% Irrigation: process of bringing water to an area for use in growing crops Irrigation: process of bringing water to an area for use in growing crops

6. Describe the 4 types of irrigation. 1. F lood irrigation: flooding of area that is flat 2. F urrow irrigation: releases H2O into furrows dug b/w rows of crops 3. O verhead irrigation: use sprinkler system over tops of crops Efficient, but expensive 4. S ubirrigation: water introduced naturally or artificially beneath soil

7. Describe what happened in Mono Lake, CA. Saltwater lake fed by melting snow from mountains Saltwater lake fed by melting snow from mountains City diverted the melt  less water to lake  evaporation  increase salt  kill animals City diverted the melt  less water to lake  evaporation  increase salt  kill animals

8. Describe how surface H 2 O can turn into larger stream and oceans. Water from rain and melting snow travels as runoff Water from rain and melting snow travels as runoff Runoff carves grooves into land called rills Runoff carves grooves into land called rills Rills deepen to form larger streams Rills deepen to form larger streams Deposit into oceans Deposit into oceans

9. Describe how groundwater is formed. Water seeps through soil and into porous bedrock Water seeps through soil and into porous bedrock Groundwater collects in rock to form a layer = water table Groundwater collects in rock to form a layer = water table

10. What is an aquifer? How does H 2 O move through it? Aquifer: layer of porous rock that contains water Aquifer: layer of porous rock that contains water Water does not move at constant rate Water does not move at constant rate

11. What is overdraft? Name 2 problems with overdraft. Overdraft: when a body of water is drained faster than it is filled Overdraft: when a body of water is drained faster than it is filled 1. Saltwater Intrusion: saltwater mixes with aquifer  makes unpotable 2. Subsidence: water supports bedrock, so when removed, rock weakens and sinks

12. Briefly mention what happened to Ogallala Aquifer. Largest aquifer in the world Largest aquifer in the world Predicted to dry up in 40 years because of overdraft Predicted to dry up in 40 years because of overdraft

13. What is desalination & what can it be used for? Desalination: process by which salts are removed from water Desalination: process by which salts are removed from water Obtain fresh water for cooking, drinking, irrigation, and removes salt from agriculture waste water Obtain fresh water for cooking, drinking, irrigation, and removes salt from agriculture waste water

14. Explain 3 types of desalination. 1. Distillation: water evaporates, salt left behind 2. Reverse Osmosis: saltwater forced through strainer that traps salt 3. Freezing: forms ice and salt slush Slush removed leaving fresh iceSlush removed leaving fresh ice

15. What are 4 processes that are used to purify water? 1. S edimentation 2. F iltration 3. A eration 4. S terilization

16. Briefly describe process of water treatment. 1. Screens trap floating particles 2. Water allowed to stand undisturbed so sediment settles at bottom 3. Coagulants remove fine particles 4. Filter through fine sand 5. Air sprayed on it or falls as waterfall (O 2 purifies water) 6. Sterilize using chemicals or extreme heat

17. What are 2 substances used to purify water? What are benefits & disadvantages? Chlorine Chlorine –Produced and stored easily –Adds smell to water Ozone Ozone –Sterilizes more quickly –Expensive and difficult to store

18. Briefly describe the history of water pollution. 19 th century: most of world dumped garbage into closest waterway 19 th century: most of world dumped garbage into closest waterway –Led to cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery Then moved to ocean dumping Then moved to ocean dumping –Still a common practice

19. What is sewage? How much is dumped in ocean by US? Sewage: water that contains organic wastes from humans and industry Sewage: water that contains organic wastes from humans and industry 8.9 trillion liters each year!! 8.9 trillion liters each year!!

20. What is sewage-treatment plant? Explain how sewage is treated. Facility that processes raw sewage before sewage is returned to surface water systems Facility that processes raw sewage before sewage is returned to surface water systems 1. Filter through screens (big particles) 2. Add bacteria and chemicals Breakdown organic materialBreakdown organic material SterlizeSterlize

21. How are diseases & water pollution related? What is a pathogen? Many disease carrying organisms spend part of life cycle in water Many disease carrying organisms spend part of life cycle in water Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & viruses that cause disease Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & viruses that cause disease –Typhoid fever –Cholera –Schistosomiasis –Malaria

22. What are 6 major sources of water pollution? 1. Agriculture 2. Sewage-treatment plant 3. Industry 4. Urban runoff 5. Mining runoff 6. Construction runoff

23. What are 4 types of water pollutants? 1. P athogens 2. N utrients 3. S ediments 4. T oxic Chemicals

24. Why is agriculture such a major pollutant? Use of pesticides, fertilizers, plant & animal waste all pollute land and water Use of pesticides, fertilizers, plant & animal waste all pollute land and water

25. Define toxic chemicals. What is difference b/w inorganic & organic? Toxic chemicals: elements and compounds that are directly harmful to living things Toxic chemicals: elements and compounds that are directly harmful to living things –Inorganic: lack carbon –Organic: contain carbon

26. Identify & describe 4 types of inorganic chemicals. 1. Acids: runoff from mining, chemical plants, water-treatment facilities, etc. 2. Salts: runoff from mining, treatment, plants, direct discharge 3. Heavy metals: industrial processes (metal treatment, paint) ex. Mercury & lead 4. Plant nutrients: phosphates & nitrates from agriculture

27. Identify 6 examples of organic chemicals. How do they enter groundwater? Gasoline, oils, plastics, pesticides/fertilizers, solvents, wood preservative Gasoline, oils, plastics, pesticides/fertilizers, solvents, wood preservative Discharged into sewer systems that lead to lakes Discharged into sewer systems that lead to lakes Runoff Runoff

28. Why is crude oil the most common spill? Because transported along rivers & across oceans in huge amounts Because transported along rivers & across oceans in huge amounts Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: 1978 Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: 1978

29. Explain the process of eutrophication. Large amounts of plant nutrients runoff into lake Large amounts of plant nutrients runoff into lake Accelerates plant growth  no room Accelerates plant growth  no room Plants die & decompose  increases # decomposer bacteria Plants die & decompose  increases # decomposer bacteria Lowers oxygen Lowers oxygen Animals die Animals die

30. Describe problems associated with radioactive water pollution. Waste difficult to store (solid & liquid) Waste difficult to store (solid & liquid) Liquid waste placed in steel containers and encased in concrete Liquid waste placed in steel containers and encased in concrete Can corrode over time and leak in ground water systems Can corrode over time and leak in ground water systems

31. Usually occurs in lakes by power plants Usually occurs in lakes by power plants Fish regulate body temp by water temp Fish regulate body temp by water temp Increase water temp  increase metabolism in fish, but decreases amount of oxygen in water Increase water temp  increase metabolism in fish, but decreases amount of oxygen in water Fish suffocate Fish suffocate Describe problems associated with thermal water pollution.

32. Why have laws to protect the water from pollution failed? 1. Laws not strong enough 2. Strong ones not enforced 3. Scientific reports not accurate 4. Difficult to determine who did polluting 5. Removal of factory can cause loss of jobs