1. Kagan, Ch. 24 Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class

2. The Life of Jesus, Strauss Lyell, Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche Wellhausen, Renan, Arnold Syllabus of Errors, Pope Pius IX Rerum Novarum, Pope Leo XIII Falloux Law of 1850 Kulturkampf Speaks out against liberalism, nationalism, socialism. Education provided by the local priest – revoked during 3 rd Republic by Ferry Depict creation of the universe and even ideas of morality as simple part of a system of natural progression Questioned the validity of Jesus as historical figure Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power and influence of the Catholic Church in Germany Believed that Christianity glorified weakness and encouraged people to simply follow instead of lead Maintained that the Bible simply reflected the time and culture of ancient Judaism. Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class

3.  Great Britain  Education Act of 1879  Education Act of 1902  France, 1878-1905  Religion class out – Civil Training in  PM Waldreck-Rousseau vs. religious orders  Separation of church and state  Germany – Bismarck’s Kulturkampf  Federal states decide the rights of churches  Catholic Center Party = threat to unity  In Prussia – clergy removed from education system  “May Laws”, 1873 Prussia tries to take over the Church  1876 no Catholic bishops left in Prussia

4. Pope Pius IX (r. 1846- 1878) Syllabus of Errors, 1864  8. As human reason is placed on a level with religion itself, so theological must be treated in the same manner as philosophical sciences. -- Allocution "Singulari quadam," Dec. 9, 1854.  12. The decrees of the Apostolic See and of the Roman congregations impede the true progress of science. -- Ibid.  20. The ecclesiastical power ought not to exercise its authority without the permission and assent of the civil government. -- Allocution "Meminit unusquisque," Sept. 30, 1861.  24. The Church has not the power of using force, nor has she any temporal power, direct or indirect. -- Apostolic Letter "Ad Apostolicae," Aug. 22, 1851.  39. The State, as being the origin and source of all rights, is endowed with a certain right not circumscribed by any limits. -- Allocution "Maxima quidem," June 9, 1862. http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/v1.htm#6http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/v1.htm#6 see Chap 4 #6-9

5. Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878- 1903) Rerum Novarum, 1891  It must not be supposed that the Church so concentrates her energies on caring for souls as to overlook things which pertain to mortal and earthly life. (#42)  The oppressed workers, above all, ought to be liberated from the savagery of greedy men…(#59)  http://www.papalencyclical s.net/Leo13/l13rerum.htm http://www.papalencyclical s.net/Leo13/l13rerum.htm

6. Pope Pius X (r. 1903-1914)  condemnation of Catholic Modernism  movement to bring Catholicism in closer step with the modern ideas of philosophy, social science and history of 19 th century  1. critical view of scriptures  2. find essence of Christian faith in life and action  3. critical examination of the historic origins of the Gospel and the early Church  Modernism = attempt to understand Christianity through academic disciplines developed since the Enlightenment  http://www.sofn.org.uk/printme/doctrin e/catholic_modernism.html http://www.sofn.org.uk/printme/doctrin e/catholic_modernism.html

7.  given same “modernist” treatment as Christianity  Renan and Weber: Islam unable to modernize intellectually  Seen as racially inferior; economically backwards; misogynistic  Christian missionaries focus on bringing education and health to Arab world  Calls for Reform  Salafi: science + Islam = modernization w/o reliance on the West  Mahdist – purification of Islam necessary to redeem the faith (Sudan & Iran)  Sanussiya – Libyan brotherhood intent of reforming Islam  Wahhabi – purify Islam on the influences of non-Islamic cultures (Saudi Arabia)