1. Chapter 22 Part 3 The Industrial Revolution

2. On the Continent Continental Europe began to industrialize after 1815…the final defeat of Napoleon Continental Europe began to industrialize after 1815…the final defeat of Napoleon In the 1780’s parts of the continent were not too far behind Britain In the 1780’s parts of the continent were not too far behind Britain Some regions had thriving cottage industries Some regions had thriving cottage industries Some British manufacturing techniques were copied by certain Continental countries Some British manufacturing techniques were copied by certain Continental countries

3. The Napoleonic Wars Interfered with Continental industrial development Interfered with Continental industrial development Wars disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and reduced consumer demand Wars disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and reduced consumer demand Continental access to British machinery and technology was reduced by the Continental System Continental access to British machinery and technology was reduced by the Continental System

4. By 1815 British technology was too far advanced for most continental engineers and skilled technicians to understand British technology was too far advanced for most continental engineers and skilled technicians to understand The technology of steam power was expensive and required vast amounts of capital The technology of steam power was expensive and required vast amounts of capital Wars caused a shortage of factory workers Wars caused a shortage of factory workers Landowners and government officials did little to encourage industrial growth Landowners and government officials did little to encourage industrial growth

5. After 1815 The Continent began to catch up The Continent began to catch up They studied Britain’s costly mistakes and avoided them They studied Britain’s costly mistakes and avoided them

6. Each country was different Began in the second decade of the 19 th century: Belgium, Holland, France and the U.S. Began in the second decade of the 19 th century: Belgium, Holland, France and the U.S. Began in the mid-19 th century: Germany, Austria, Italy Began in the mid-19 th century: Germany, Austria, Italy Began at the end of the 19 th century: Eastern Europe and Russia Began at the end of the 19 th century: Eastern Europe and Russia

7. Other Countries Borrowed British technology Borrowed British technology Hired British engineers Hired British engineers Gained British capital Gained British capital They used the power of strong sovereign central governments and banking systems to promote native industries They used the power of strong sovereign central governments and banking systems to promote native industries

8. Belgium In the 1830’s pioneered the organization of big corporations with many stockholders In the 1830’s pioneered the organization of big corporations with many stockholders Banks used money to develop industries and gave rise to Industrial Banks Banks used money to develop industries and gave rise to Industrial Banks

9. Banks in Germany and France 1850’s involved in developing railroads and companies involved in heavy industries 1850’s involved in developing railroads and companies involved in heavy industries Credit Moblier of Paris was the most famous industrial Bank Credit Moblier of Paris was the most famous industrial Bank Built railroads in France, Europe and (Remember the Grant scandals?)...the U.S. Built railroads in France, Europe and (Remember the Grant scandals?)...the U.S.

10. Britain tried and failed To maintain a monopoly on technical advances To maintain a monopoly on technical advances Until 1825 it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain! Until 1825 it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain! Until 1843 it was illegal to export textile machinery and equipment Until 1843 it was illegal to export textile machinery and equipment But many emigrated illegally, memorized plans for machinery and took it elsewhere But many emigrated illegally, memorized plans for machinery and took it elsewhere

11. Tariffs Were used by continental countries to protect their native industries Were used by continental countries to protect their native industries France enacted high tariffs on British imports France enacted high tariffs on British imports It had been flooded by inexpensive and superior British goods It had been flooded by inexpensive and superior British goods

12. The Zollverein 1834 Was a German Tariff used to encourage investment in German industry Was a German Tariff used to encourage investment in German industry It also established a free trade zone among member states (in the German Confederation) and a single uniform tariff was levied against foreign countries It also established a free trade zone among member states (in the German Confederation) and a single uniform tariff was levied against foreign countries NOTE: This was a Prussian economic organization that left Austria out NOTE: This was a Prussian economic organization that left Austria out

13. The Result Increased production and availability of manufactured goods on the continent Increased production and availability of manufactured goods on the continent

14. The Industrial Revolution’s Impact on Society A new social order replaced the traditional social hierarchy A new social order replaced the traditional social hierarchy The Proletariat: a new class of factory workers The Proletariat: a new class of factory workers The Bourgeoisie: Two levels emerged: The Bourgeoisie: Two levels emerged: Upper Bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs Upper Bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs The Petite Bourgeoisie: small industrialists, merchants, professionals who demanded security and stability from the government The Petite Bourgeoisie: small industrialists, merchants, professionals who demanded security and stability from the government

15. New Opportunities Artisans and skilled workers who were talented were in great demand and could achieve significant success Artisans and skilled workers who were talented were in great demand and could achieve significant success Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful: Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful: Quakers and Scots in England Quakers and Scots in England Protestants and Jews dominated banking in France Protestants and Jews dominated banking in France

16. As factories grew larger Opportunities for advancement declined in well- developed industries Opportunities for advancement declined in well- developed industries Capital-intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers Capital-intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers Formal education became even more importantas a means of social advancement BUT cost of the education was often prohibitive Formal education became even more importantas a means of social advancement BUT cost of the education was often prohibitive

17. Also In England and Germany by 1860 leading industrialists were more likely to have inherited their businesses In England and Germany by 1860 leading industrialists were more likely to have inherited their businesses

18. Proletariat Wage Earners During the first century of the industrial revolution a surplus of labor resulted in poor conditions for workers During the first century of the industrial revolution a surplus of labor resulted in poor conditions for workers Few holidays Few holidays Often 14-hour work days Often 14-hour work days Conditions were brutal and unsafe Conditions were brutal and unsafe Low wages…especially for women and children Low wages…especially for women and children

19. Poorhouses Provided work for those who were unemployed Provided work for those who were unemployed Beatings and ill treatment Beatings and ill treatment Major goal of the poorhouses was to persuade workers to leave the poorhouse and find work elsewhere Major goal of the poorhouses was to persuade workers to leave the poorhouse and find work elsewhere

20. Friedrich Engles 1820-1895 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England Blamed the middle class for exploiting the proletariat Blamed the middle class for exploiting the proletariat Will later become a revolutionary and collaborated with Karl Marx Will later become a revolutionary and collaborated with Karl Marx

21. Marx Had similar ideas about the middle class exploiting the proletariat: Had similar ideas about the middle class exploiting the proletariat: “I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar.” “I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar.” Later…socialism Later…socialism NOTE: Marx called the French Revolution inevitable NOTE: Marx called the French Revolution inevitable

22. A struggle between labor and capital Resulted from issues of working conditions, wages, quality of life Resulted from issues of working conditions, wages, quality of life BUT the long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution was more favorable than negative BUT the long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution was more favorable than negative

23. Material prosperity increased Because cheaper high-quality goods were available Because cheaper high-quality goods were available Increased consumption led to increased numbers of jobs Increased consumption led to increased numbers of jobs

24. Wages (in England) 1790-1820: wages up only 5% 1790-1820: wages up only 5% 1820-1850: real wages and consumption up 50% 1820-1850: real wages and consumption up 50% Skilled British workers earned twice that of unskilled workers in agriculture Skilled British workers earned twice that of unskilled workers in agriculture BUT the average work week increased BUT the average work week increased

25. Workers Ate better and quality and quantity of clothing improved Ate better and quality and quantity of clothing improved Housing was worse than cottage industry times Housing was worse than cottage industry times Only AFTER 1850 did workers share in the wealth produced in the Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe 2-3 decades earlier for English Only AFTER 1850 did workers share in the wealth produced in the Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe 2-3 decades earlier for English

26. The Luddites (Northern England) A violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs A violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs Beginning in 1812 attacked factories in northern England and destroyed new machinery that they believed was putting them out of work Beginning in 1812 attacked factories in northern England and destroyed new machinery that they believed was putting them out of work

27. The Union Movement Factory owners DID try to block unions Factory owners DID try to block unions BUT leaders emerged to organize groups of workers to resist exploitation of business owners BUT leaders emerged to organize groups of workers to resist exploitation of business owners

28. Parliament’s Response Combination Acts 1799: Combination Acts 1799: Parliament prohibited labor unions Parliament prohibited labor unions Was a reaction inspired by fear of something like the French Revolution occurring in England Was a reaction inspired by fear of something like the French Revolution occurring in England Combination Acts were ignored by most workers Combination Acts were ignored by most workers They were repealed in 1824 and unions became a fact of life by 1825 (were tolerated) They were repealed in 1824 and unions became a fact of life by 1825 (were tolerated)

29. Robert Owen 1771-1858 1834 Created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 1834 Created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Was a Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a real concern for the health, safety, work hours of the workers…efforts eventually failed Was a Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a real concern for the health, safety, work hours of the workers…efforts eventually failed He also established a school for his workers’ children at his own expense He also established a school for his workers’ children at his own expense

30. Some experimented With utopian communities With utopian communities First “union” concessions went to craft unions who won benefits for their members through fairly conservative means First “union” concessions went to craft unions who won benefits for their members through fairly conservative means

31. The Chartists Wanted to gain labor concessions through political democracy Wanted to gain labor concessions through political democracy Demanded universal male suffrage Demanded universal male suffrage

32. Most Unions Worked for a 10-hour day Worked for a 10-hour day AND the repeal of the Corn Laws AND the repeal of the Corn Laws Eventually better wages and hours and conditions due to: Eventually better wages and hours and conditions due to: Union action Union action General Prosperity General Prosperity Social conscience Social conscience