1. Chemical Evolution From Compounds to Life

2. Origin of Universe The Big Bang –15-18 billion years ago- all matter was in one condensed mass –Explosion caused matter and energy in universe –Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago Early Earth –Hot when formed, volcanoes, crust formed and cooled over hot interior –Primitive atmosphere: N2, CO2, H2O, H2, CO, NH3, CH4 (no free O2) –No ozone layer- energy came from UV rays to make bigger compounds: amino acids and RNA.

3. Miller-Urey Experiment conducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller with Harold Ureyconducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller with Harold Urey the first experiment to about the evolution of prebiotic chemicals and the origin of life on Earththe first experiment to about the evolution of prebiotic chemicals and the origin of life on Earth –mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor introduced into a 5-liter flask (simulate the Earth's primitive, reducing atmosphere) –energized by an electrical discharge apparatus to represent ultraviolet radiation from the Sun –products were allowed to condense and collect in a lower flask which modeled a body of water on the Earth's surface

4. Miller-Urey Experiment –heat supplied to this flask recycled the water vapor just as water evaporates from lakes and seas, before moving into the atmosphere and condensing again as rain –after a day of continuous operation a thin layer of hydrocarbons on the surface of the watera thin layer of hydrocarbons on the surface of the water –after about a week of operation a dark brown scum had collected in the lower flask and was found to contain several types of amino acids, including glycine and alanine, together with sugars, tars, and various other unidentified organic chemicalsa dark brown scum had collected in the lower flask and was found to contain several types of amino acids, including glycine and alanine, together with sugars, tars, and various other unidentified organic chemicals

6. Heterotroph Hypothesis 1.Primitive atmosphere gases + UV radiation  2.Early organic compounds  3.Organic compounds in oceans  4.Pre-cells formed ---- anaerobic processes for energy  5.Photosynthesis cells formed, better able to survive, produced free O2 as waste 6.Atmosphere formed ozone layer

7. Oxygen Importance Huge electron acceptor Highly reactive Has an ability to make a lot of ATP which equals energy If it were there evolution would have sped up so fast there would be no variety

8. Origin of Life Aristotle (350 BC) –decaying material could be transformed by the ‘Spontaneous Action of Nature' into living animals

9. Biological Evolution First- Coacervates- cell like structures empty membranes RNA-Self replicating molecules and other compounds were added to membranes Together with mineral clays (catalytic environment) the first self replicating life system: A Prokaryotic Cell

10. Evolution of First Life Essential functions of LifeEssential functions of Life –acquisition of energy from the environment –use of energy to synthesize molecules – metabolism –information transfer to succeeding generations – genetics

11. Types of Organisms Prokaryotic Kingdom: single-celled organisms containing no internal structures surrounded by membranes (therefore there is no nucleus)Prokaryotic Kingdom: single-celled organisms containing no internal structures surrounded by membranes (therefore there is no nucleus) –Monera – bacteria and cyanobacteria

13. Aerobic bacteria Ancient Prokaryotes Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote Chloroplast Photosynthetic bacteria Nuclear envelope evolving Mitochondrion Plants and plantlike protists Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists Endosymbiotic Theory

14. Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1953 Explained how eukaryotes evolved During the time that prokaryotes were evolving, the ozone layer stopped the Uvs from making new compounds, a cannibalistic society probably resulted Some prokaryotes became symbiotic instead of being ingested.

16. Types of Organisms Eukaryotic Kingdoms: all organisms consisting of cells which contain membrane-bound nucleiEukaryotic Kingdoms: all organisms consisting of cells which contain membrane-bound nuclei –Protista - mostly one-celled organisms – have characteristics of all three other Eukaryote Kingdoms –Fungi - organisms which decompose stuff –Plantae - organisms which use photosynthesis to make their own food Annuals complete life cycle in one seasonAnnuals complete life cycle in one season Perennials live for more than one seasonPerennials live for more than one season –Animalia - organisms which must get organic compounds from food they eat - most are able to move Invertebrates – no backboneInvertebrates – no backbone Vertebrates – Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and MammalsVertebrates – Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals