1.  Requirements for Life & Homeostasis

2. What do you think?  In the space provided on your paper:  Make a list of the requirements for something to be considered living.  Share your list with a partner. Add what they have that you didn’t to your list. Star the new additions to your list.

3. Create a new life form  Before we review the requirements for life, create a new life form with a group  What will it need to be considered living?  What will it need to stay alive?  Draw a picture of your life form and its requirements for life on a white board

4. Necessary Life Functions  Maintain boundaries  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Digestion  Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

5. Necessary Life Functions  Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Break down complex molecules into smaller ones  Build larger molecules from smaller ones  Produces energy  Regulated by hormones  Excretion  Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions  Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

6. Necessary Life Functions  Reproduction  Occurs on cellular level or organismal level  Produces future generation  Growth  Increases cell size and number of cells

7. Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

8. Survival Needs  Water  60 to 80 percent of body weight  Most abundant chemical in the human body  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  37°C (98°F)  Atmospheric pressure  Must be appropriate for gas exchange

9. Nutrients Heart Interstitial fluid Blood Food Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen- containing wastes and excess ions FecesUrine Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid O2O2 CO 2 Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment CO 2 O2O2 Figure 1.3

10. Homeostasis  Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

11. Figure 1.4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 2 3 4 5 IMBALANCE

12. Figure 1.4, step 1 IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE

13. Figure 1.4, step 2 Receptor Receptor detects change. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE 2 VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

14. Figure 1.4, step 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 3 IMBALANCE 2

15. Figure 1.4, step 4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 1 3 4 IMBALANCE 2

16. Figure 1.4, step 5 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 3 4 5 IMBALANCE 2

17. Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center

18. Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus

19. Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat

20. Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby